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Bias Compensation

This document discusses various bias compensation techniques used in amplifiers to maintain stable operating points despite temperature variations. It describes how diodes, thermistors, and sensistors can be used to track changes in transistor parameters like VBE and ICO. When these change due to increasing temperature, the compensation elements provide opposing changes to keep the collector current IC constant. For example, a diode tracks changes in VBE, while a thermistor's decreasing resistance counters rising ICO. These compensation methods help ensure excellent bias and thermal stability in amplifiers.

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Kamlesh Pardeshi
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498 views13 pages

Bias Compensation

This document discusses various bias compensation techniques used in amplifiers to maintain stable operating points despite temperature variations. It describes how diodes, thermistors, and sensistors can be used to track changes in transistor parameters like VBE and ICO. When these change due to increasing temperature, the compensation elements provide opposing changes to keep the collector current IC constant. For example, a diode tracks changes in VBE, while a thermistor's decreasing resistance counters rising ICO. These compensation methods help ensure excellent bias and thermal stability in amplifiers.

Uploaded by

Kamlesh Pardeshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIAS COMPENSATION

Subtitle
Bias Compensation
 So far we have seen different stabilization techniques. The stabilization occurs due to negative
feedback action. The negative feedback, although improves the stability of operating point, it
reduces the gain of the amplifier.
 As the gain of the amplifier is a very important consideration, some compensation techniques
are used to maintain excellent bias and thermal stabilization.

 Compensation technique:
It refers to the use of temperature sensitive devices such as diodes, transistors, thermistors which
provide compensating voltage and current to maintain Q point stable.
Diode Compensation Techniques
Compensation for VBE :

a) Diode in Emitter Circuit


 Diagram shows the voltage divider bias (equivalent circuit)
with bias compensation technique.
 Here, separate supply VDD is used to keep diode in forward
biased condition.
 If the diode used in the circuit is of same material and type as
the transistor, the voltage across the diode will have the same
temperature coefficient as the base to emitter voltage VBE .
 So when VBE changes by ∂ VBE with change in temperature,
VD changes by ∂VD and ∂VD ≈ ∂VBE, the changes tend to
cancel each other.
 As VD tracks VBE with respect to temperature it is clear that
IC will be insensitive to variations in VBE .
Diode Compensation Techniques
Compensation for VBE :

b) Diode in voltage divider circuit

 Diode is connected in series with resistance R2 in the voltage


divider circuit and it is forward biased condition.

For voltage divider bias,

When VBE changes with temperature, IC also changes


To cancel the changes in IC , one diode is used in the circuit for
compensation
Diode Compensation Techniques
Compensation for VBE :

b) Diode in voltage divider circuit

The voltage at the base VB is give as : VB = VR2 + VD

Substituting this value in equation IC, we get,

when VBE changes by ∂ VBE with change in temperature,


VD changes by ∂VD and ∂VD ≈ ∂VBE, the changes tend to
cancel each other. so the collector current is given as

The changes in VBE. Due to temperature are compensated by changes in the diode voltage which keeps
IC stable at Q point.
Diode Compensation Techniques
Compensation for ICO

 In germanium transistor changes in ICO with temperature plays an important


role collector current stability

 The diode is kept at reverse bias condition, so only leakage current flows

Here I = Io + IB so, IB = I – Io

Also Ic = βIB + (1+ β) Ico

Ic = β (I – Io) + (1 + β) Ico

Ic = β (I – Io) + βIco …… As β >> 1

Ic = βI – βIo + βIco

If Io = Ico , then we get Ic = βI

In this way Ic is independent of Ico.


Thermistor Compensation
 Thermistor has a negative temperature coefficient , means its resistance decreases with increase
in temperature.
Thermistor Compensation

 With increase of temperature ,RT decreases. Hence the voltage


drop across it also decreases. That means VBE decreases which
reduces IB . This will offset the increased collector current with
temperature.
 We have Ic = βIB + (1+ β) Ico
The equation shows if there is increase in ICO and decrease in
IB keeps IC almost constant.
Thermistor Compensation

 Here, thermistor is connected between emitter and Vcc to minimize the


increase in collector current due to changes in ICO, VBE, or beta with
temperature .
 IC increases with temperature and RT decreases with increase in
temperature.
 Therefore, current flowing through RE increases, which increases the
voltage drop across it.
 E - B junction is forward biased. But due to increase in voltage drop
across RE, emitter is made more positive, which reduces the forward
bias voltage VBE. Hence, bias current reduces.
 We have Ic = βIB + (1+ β) Ico; As Ico increases with temperature,
IB decreases and hence. IC remains constant
Sensistor Compensation technique

 This method of transistor compensation uses temperature sensitive resistive element, sensistors
rather than diodes or transistors. It has a positive temperature coefficient of resistance, its
resistance increases exponentially with increasing temperature as shown in the Fig
Sensistor Compensation technique

 Fig. shows sensistor compensation R1 is replaced by sensistor RT in


self bias circuit.

 Now, RT and R2 resistors of the potential divider. As temperature


increases, RT increases which decreases the current flowing
through it.

 Hence current through R2 decreases which reduces the voltages


drop across it.

 Voltage drop across R2 is the voltage between base and ground. So


VBE reduces which decreases IB.

 It means, when ICBO increases with increase in temperature,


IB reduces due to reduction in VBE, maintaining IC fairly constant.
Referances

 http://
www.brainkart.com/article/Diode-and-Thermistor-Compensation-technique_13235

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