Scribd
Upload
62 views35 pages

Chapter Two: Topics Discussed in This Section

This section discusses amplitude modulation (AM) theory including modulation index, frequency spectrum, power calculations, and modulation by multiple sine waves. It also covers AM circuits, demodulation, and the evolution of single sideband (SSB) including descriptions of double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) and generation of SSB using frequency discrimination and phase shift methods.

Uploaded by

Solomon Tadesse Athlaw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
62 views35 pages

Chapter Two: Topics Discussed in This Section

This section discusses amplitude modulation (AM) theory including modulation index, frequency spectrum, power calculations, and modulation by multiple sine waves. It also covers AM circuits, demodulation, and the evolution of single sideband (SSB) including descriptions of double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) and generation of SSB using frequency discrimination and phase shift methods.

Uploaded by

Solomon Tadesse Athlaw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

Chapter Two

Topics discussed in this section:


AM Theory, AM wave frequency Spectrum
Power and current calculation in AM
Modulation by several sine waves
AM circuits
AM demodulation
Evolution and description of SSB it extensions

2.1
Introduction
 The purpose of a communication system is to transmit
information-bearing signals through a communication channel
separating the transmitter from the receiver. Information
bearing signals are also referred to as baseband signals.
 The term baseband is used to designate the band of frequencies
representing the original signal as delivered by a source of
information.
 The proper use of the communication channel requires a shift of
the range of baseband frequencies into other frequency ranges
suitable for transmission, and a corresponding shift back to the
original frequency range after reception.

2.2
Cont’d..

 A shift of the range of frequencies in a signal is accomplished by


using modulation, which is defined as the process by which some
characteristic of a carrier is varied in accordance with a
modulating wave (signal). A common form of the carrier is a
sinusoidal wave, in which case we speak of a continuous-wave
modulation" process.

 The baseband signal is referred to as the modulating wave, and the


result of the modulation process is referred to as the modulated
wave.

2.3
Cont’d..

 At the receiving end of the system, we usually require the original


baseband signal to be restored. This is accomplished by using a
process known as demodulation, which is the reverse of the
modulation process.

a. transmitter b. receiver

2.4
Need of modulation
1. Modulation for ease of radiation

2. Modulation for efficient transmission

3. Modulation for multiplexing

4. Modulation to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. E.g FM and PM

Types of Analog Modulation

1. Amplitude Modulation(Am)

2. Frequency Modulation(FM)

3. Phase Modulation(PM)

2.5
Amplitude modulation

Amplitude modulation (AM) is defined as a system of modulation in


which the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied proportional to
the instantaneous amplitude of baseband signal by keeping the
carrier phase and frequency constant.

6.6
Cont’d..

Sinusoidal
Carrier wave

Sinusoidal
Message signal

AM wave form

2.7
Analytical expression of AM

 Let the carrier and modulating voltage Vc and Vm respectively


represented by.

 The instantaneous voltage of the resulting amplitude modulated


wave is given by

2.8
Frequency Spectrum of the AM wave

c
USB
LSB

 The modulation index is given by.

2.9
Varying modulation index

2.10
Cont’d..
=

 The band width of the amplitude modulated signal is given by

Power Relation in the AM wave


 The total power in the modulated wave will be

2.11
Cont’d..
 Where R=antenna resistance
, , are rms value then

2.12
Cont’d..

The maximum power in the AM wave is occur when m=1.

Example 1. Abroad cast radio transmitter radiates 10 KW when the


modulation percentage is 60. How much of this is carrier power ?

2.13
Cont’d..

Solution

Current Calculation

From total power in AM wave equation

2.14
Cont’d..

2.15
Cont’d..

Example 2. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8A when


only the carrier is sent, but it increase to 8.93A when the carrier
is modulated by a single sine wave . Find
a) the percentage modulation
b) The antenna current when the percent of modulation
change to 0.8

Solution

2.16
Cont’d..

2.17
Modulation by several sine waves

 In practice, modulation of a carrier by several sine waves


simultaneously is the rule. Accordingly a way has to be found to
calculate the resulting power conditions. The procedure consists of
calculating the total modulation index and then calculate the total
power.

 There are two methods of calculating the total modulation index


1.The total power in an AM wave consists of carrier power and side
band power. This yields

2.18
Cont’d..

If several sin waves simultaneously modulate the carrier, the


carrier power will be an affected, but the total side power will be
the sum of the individual side band powers. then

2.19
Cont’d..

This modulation index is not exceed one

2.20
Example 3.

The antenna current of an AM broad cast transmitter modulated to


a depth of 40 % by an audio sine waves , is 11A. If it increases to
12A as a result of simultaneous modulation by another audio sine
wave. What is the new modulation index due to this second waves?

Solution

2.21
Cont’d..

Then

2.22
AM circuit

2.23
Limitation of amplitude modulation:

Amplitude modulation is wasteful of power. The


transmission of the carrier wave is a waste of power.
Amplitude modulation is wasteful of bandwidth.

To overcome these limitations, we must make certain


modifications: suppress the carrier and modify the
sidebands of the AM wave.

Demodulation – the process of recovering the signal


from the modulated signal ( retranslating the spectrum
to its original position).

6.24
Demodulation of AM signals

The AM signal can be demodulated coherently by a locally


generated carriers.
Envelope detector
o In an envelope detector, the out put of the detector follows the
envelope of the modulated signal .
o the circuit shown below is an envelope detector, on the positive
cycle of the input signal, the diode conduct and the capacitor start
to charge to the peak value of the input signal as the input signal
falls from below this peak value, the diode is cut off the capacitor
voltage is greater than the input voltage.

2.25
Cont’d..
oThe capacitor now start discharge through the resistor at slow
rate with a time constant RC

2.26
Double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation

oMultiple modulators:-here modulation is achieved directly by


multiply the audio signal by carrier signal using analog multiplier
whose out put is proportional to the product of the two inputs

2.27
Analytical expression of DSB-SC

 Let the carrier and modulating voltage Vc and Vm respectively


represented by.

 From trigonometric identity

2.28
Cont’d..

Spectrum of DSB-SC

2.29
Double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) demodulation

2.30
Cont’d..

From trigonometry identity

The spectrum of the term is center at and


will be suppressed by the low pass filter, yielding as out put

2.31
Single side band
oThe DSB spectrum has two side bands , upper and lower side
bands both contain the complete information of the base band
signal. A scheme in which only one side band is transmitted is known
as single side band transmission which requires only half of the
band width of the DSB signal.
Generation of Single side band
oTwo method are commonly used to generate SSB signals , the
first method use sharp cut off filters to eliminate un desire side
bands and the second uses phase shift methods

2.32
Frequency discrimination method
 Conceptually, it is a very simple scheme. First generate a DSB
signal and then filter out the unwanted sideband. This method is
depicted in Fig. below

 v(t) is the DSB-SC signal generated by the product modulator.


The BPF is designed to suppress the unwanted sideband in V(f) ,
thereby producing the desired SSB signal.

2.33
Cont’d..

From trigonometric identity

Then

Finally or

2.34
Phase shift method

2.35

You might also like