AMPHIBI

(ESM ZOOLOGY FOR

SCHOOL)
1. Fitrah Nur Ramadhani/ 1714441002
2. Dhea Munadiah/ 1714441001

ICP OF BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2017

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Unshelled Eggs: Living amphibians produce much different eggs than strictly terrestrial organisms like
reptiles do. The amphibian egg lacks a calcified shell, consisting mostly of jelly making it susceptible to rapid
desiccation if exposed to the air. While most frogs and salamanders deposit their eggs directly into the water,
some species have adapted methods for terrestrial egg deposition.
2. Permeable Skin: While caecilians have scales similar to fish, most other amphibians have moist, permeable
skin. This forces most species to live in moist or aquatic habitats; otherwise, they would quickly dehydrate as
water is lost through the skin.
3. Carnivorous Adults: While some tadpoles and larval salamanders are filter feeders that consume plant and
animal material; all adult amphibians are carnivores. While most amphibians consume invertebrates like insects,
arachnids and earthworms, some eat small vertebrates as well.
4. Distribution: Amphibians are found in most parts of the world, but their global distribution shows greatly
varying diversity from region to region. Most areas with high amphibian diversity have a few common
characteristics, namely warm climates with high annual rainfall.
5. Courtship Rituals: Frogs are well known for their nightly choruses; males typically move to potential
breeding sites and begin calling to attract females. When the females approach, the males clasp them around the
back and fertilize the eggs as they are deposited. Salamanders do not vocalize, but many species have ritualized
courtship behaviors; some terrestrial species engage in complex dances, but the most developed rituals occur in
aquatic species.
 CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom = Animalia
Phylum = Chordata
Subphylum = Vertebrata
Class = Amphibia
Ordo = 1. Anura
2. Urodela / Caudata
3. Apoda / Bymnophyona
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Most frog larvae are herbivores, where as salamander larvae are
carnivores. However, adult frogs and salamanders are predators and feed on
small invertebrates. After an amphibians eats, the food flows from its mouth
to its esophagus to its stomach. Digestion begins in the stomach of an
amphibian.
Food then moves to the small intestine, where enzymes from the
pancreas start the digestion process. From the small intestine, nutrients from
the food are absorbed into the bloodstream and delivered to body cells. Food
moves from the small intestine to the large intestine before waste is
eliminated. Digestive waste enters the cloaca before it exits the body
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Amphibians have evolved multiple ways of breathing. Young
amphibians, like tadpoles, use gills to breathe, and they do not leave the
water. As the tadpole grows, the gills disappear and lungs grow (though
some amphibians retain gills for life). These lungs are primitive and are not
as evolved as mammalian lungs.
Adult amphibians are lacking or have a reduced diaphragm, so
breathing through the lungs is forced. The other means of breathing for
amphibians is diffusion across the skin. To aid this diffusion, amphibian
skin must remain moist. It has vascular tissues to make this gaseous
exchange possible. This moist skin interface can be a detriment on land, but
works well under water.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Amphibians filter waste from
their blood to their kidneys, and
excrete either ammonia or urea as
a waste product.
Amphibians that live in water
excrete ammonia, while
amphibians that live in terrestrial
environments excrete urea. Unlike
ammonia, urea is stored in the
urinary bladder until it reaches
the cloaca. 
REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
Generalized reproductive pattern
males vocalize to attract females amplexus
(clasping of the female by the male for
mating) brings the cloacas of the male and
female together external fertilization of
eggs by sperm; both deposited in the water.
tadpoles develop - length of development
depends on the species metamorphosis.
SENSORY SYSTEM
The eye of the modern amphibian (or lissamphibian) has a lid,
associated glands, and ducts. It also has muscles that allow its
accommodation within or on top of the head, depth perception, and
true colour vision. These adaptations are regarded as the first
evolutionary improvements in vertebrate terrestrial vision.
Green rods in the retina, which permit the perception of a wide range
of wavelengths, are found only in lissamphibians.
The amphibian auditory system is also specially adapted. One
modification is the papilla amphibiorum, a patch of sensory tissues
that is sensitive to low-frequency sound. Also unique to lissamphibians
is the columella-opercular complex, a pair of elements associated with
the auditory capsule that transmit airborne (columella) or seismic
(operculum) signals.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
In amphibians blood flow is directed in two circuits: one through the lungs and back to the heart
(pulmonary circulation) and the other throughout the rest of the body and its organs, including the brain
(systemic circulation).

Amphibians have a three-chambered heart that has two atria and one ventricle. The two atria
receive blood from the two different circuits (the lungs and the systems). There is some mixing of the
blood in the heart’s ventricle, which reduces the efficiency of oxygenation. The advantage to this
arrangement is that high pressure in the vessels pushes blood to the lungs and body. The mixing is
mitigated by a ridge within the ventricle that diverts oxygen-rich blood through the systemic circulatory
system and deoxygenated blood to the pulmocutaneous circuit where gas exchange occurs in the lungs
and through the skin. For this reason, amphibians are often described as having double circulation
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Amphibians have lymph
spaces beneath the skin, that
there are large accumulations
of lymph in these cavities and
that the irregular beating of
lymph hearts lacks any
synchrony with the blood
heart.
MUSCLE SYSTEM
The cranial muscles in amphibian
larvae are traditionally divided into
groups based on their innervation. The
mandibular arch group, which includes
muscles that close the mouth, are
innervated by the fifth (trigeminal) cranial
nerve, and the hyoid group, which
includes muscles that open the jaw by the
seventh (facial) cranial nerve. Further
posteriorly, we find muscle groups
innervated by the glossopharyngeus, vagus
and hypoglossal nerves.
SCELETAL SYSTEM
●salamander = The skeletons of salamanders and newts are
adapted for a primitive form of walking. The skeleton is relatively
unossified with a long vertebral column. The forelimbs and hind
limbs are the same size and the humerus and femur are held
horizontally to the body.

●Frog = Frogs skeleton is specially adapted for leaping and

swimming. The skeleton is strongly ossified with a long ilium in
the pelvis, a reduced tail, elongated hind limbs, short and robust
forelimbs. The animals leap and swim by thrusting hind legs
backwards together.
HORMONE SYSTEM
 The amphibian hormone cycle regulates the reproduction of female and male

amphibians.

 The amphibian hormone cycle is quite complex. As amphibians grow to

maturity the gonads

 develop until the testes can produce sperm and the ovaries can produce mature

oocytes. Then the

 Amphibian hormone cycle regulates the maturity of oocytes, spermiation in

the testes, and the final amplexus and spawning finally leading to the
fertilisation of oocytes and the development of eggs.
INTEGUMENT SYSTEM
Generalized amphibian integumentearliest amphibians
probably covered with scales - still apparent in some
cacaeliansepidermal layers highly glandular although glands
actually located in dermismucus secretions for reduction of
water lossvenom glands - poisonous or toxic
substanceshedonic glands - male head or chin - pheromonally
stimulates female to clasp and reproducecornified layers shed
in piecesmales usually lacking claws, some with cornified
extensions similar in appearancecolors variable, produced by
lipophores (lipid-soluble, yellow-red), melanophores (melanin,
tawny-black), guanophores (guanine crystals, clear-white),
ameboid (change shape and location to produce color
variation)
BENEFIT TO HUMAN
1. Frog meat and eggs are taken which are then consumed.
2. Frog skins can be made into jackets and other craft beavers if given tan.
3. Frogs function as mosquito repellents carried out biologically and also as insect pest control
in agriculture.
4. Frogs can be used in pregnancy tests such as bufo melanostictus, because they can produce
the gonadal fighting hormone which has the same effect as the gonadal stimulating hormone
found in the urine of pregnant women.
5. Can be used as poison for arrows commonly carried by Indian tribes.
6. Bufotalin and bufotenin toxins are produced by a type of bufo marinus frog which is used as a
heart rate booster.
WEAKNESS TO HUMAN
1. Several types of amphibians have poisons that
can give sick and even death effects to humans,
especially those with striking colors
2. Amphibians that are consumed by humans
mainly which are the result of hunting in the
wild can carry viruses or as vectors of new or
rare diseases
QUESTIONS
1. Why amphibians don’t’ have sheel on
their eggs ?
2. What are 3 ordo of amphibians ?
3. How much chambers in frog cardiac,
what is that ?
4. What’s the different skeletal system
between salamander and frog ?
5. Explain 3 amphibians benefit to
human !
THANK
YOU
ANSWERS
1. Because amphibians deposit their eggs directly into the water, so they have adapted for terrestrial egg
deposition, the egg wrap by jelly structure not shell
2. Anura, urodela/ caudata, and apoda/ bymnophyona
3. Three chambers, 2 atria, 1 ventricle
4. salamander = The skeletons of salamanders and newts are adapted for a primitive form of walking.
The skeleton is relatively unossified with a long vertebral column. The forelimbs and hind limbs are
the same size and the humerus and femur are held horizontally to the body. And Frog = Frogs
skeleton is specially adapted for leaping and swimming. The skeleton is strongly ossified with a long
ilium in the pelvis, a reduced tail, elongated hind limbs, short and robust forelimbs.
5. Frog skins can be made into jackets and other craft beavers if given tan. Frogs function as mosquito
repellents carried out biologically and also as insect pest control in agriculture. Frogs can be used in
pregnancy tests such as bufo melanostictus, because they can produce the gonadal fighting hormone
which has the same effect as the gonadal stimulating hormone found in the urine of pregnant women.