GEOKIMIA BAG 1

Dra. Sriyanti, M.Si

 MATERI
1. Pendahuluan: a. Struktur Internal Bumi
2. b. Kelimpahan dan asal-usul unsur
3. c. Isotop Geokimia
4. Pembentukan dan kristalisasi magma :
a. Termodinamika dan kimiawi kristal
5. b. Termodinamika dan kimiawi kristal(lanjutan)
6. c. Magma dan Batuan Beku
7. Sedimentasi dan diagenesis
a. Geokimia anorganik (sedimentasi, karbonat, fosfat, besi
dll.)
 PUSTAKA
• 1. Mason, B. dan Moore, C.B., 1982, “Principle of
Geochemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
• 2. Rose W. Arthur, Hawkes, H.E., Webb, J.S., 1979, “
Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration”, Academic Press.
• 3. Krauskopf, K.B., Bird, D.K., 1995, Introduction to
Geochemistry,”edisi ke-3, McGraw Hill, Inc. Singapore.
PENGAMPU

• 1. Dra. Sriyanti, M.Si

• 2. Pardoyo, S.Si, M.Si

PENILAIAN
Tugas dan Kuis= 40%
UTS=30%
UAS=30%
Geo-Chemistry
 Introduction to Geochemistry
The field of geochemistry involves:
1. Study of the chemical composition of the Earth and other planets,
2. Chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition of rocks, water, and soils,
3. The cycles of matter and energy that transport the Earth's chemical components in time and
space, and their interaction with the hydrosphere and the atmosphere.

Some subsets of geochemistry are:

a) Isotope geochemistry: Determination of the relative and absolute concentrations of the
elements and their isotopes in the earth and on earth's surface.
b) Examination of the distribution and movements of elements in different parts of the earth
(crust, mantle, hydrosphere etc.) and in minerals with the goal to determine the underlying
system of distribution and movement.
c) Cosmochemistry: Analysis of the distribution of elements and their isotopes in the cosmos.
d) Biogeochemistry: Field of study focusing on the effect of life on the chemistry of the earth.
e) Organic geochemistry: A study of the role of processes and compounds that are derived
from living or once-living organisms.
f) Water Geochemistry: Understanding the role of various elements in watersheds.
g) Regional, environmental and exploration geochemistry: Applications to environmental,
hydrological and mineral exploration studies.
 Geochemistry = chemistry of the Earth
(i.e., of earth materials — minerals and rocks)

The main focus of geochemistry is to:

 Understand the principles governing the distribution and re-

distribution of elements, ionic species and isotope ratios in earth
materials, so that we can interpret the formation of mineral
assemblages: conditions (P, T, etc.), processes (magmatic
crystallization, weathering, chemical precipitation, metamorphism,
etc.), and even the age.

 Predict changes in mineral assemblages (minerals, concentrations of

elements, isotopic ratios) if a given mineral assemblage is subjected
to different conditions (T, P, interaction with a fluid, etc.)

 Geochemistry plays an important role in forecasting the quality of

crude oil in the accumulation.
 THE EARTH'S CHEMISTRY
The bulk of the Earth is made from iron, oxygen, magnesium and silicon.

More than 80 chemical elements occur naturally in the Earth and its atmosphere.

Mostly Earth is composed of three parts

1. Crust
2. Mantle (Upper & Lower)
3. Core

The Earth's crust is a thin layer of rock that floats on the mantle. The crust is made
mostly from oxygen and silicon (silicate minerals such as quartz), with aluminium, iron,
calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium and traces of 64 other elements.

The upper mantle is made up of iron and magnesium silicates; the lower is silicon and
magnesium sulphides and oxides.

The core is mostly iron, with little nickel and traces of sulphur, carbon, oxygen and
potassium.
This diagram shows the percentages of the chemical elements that make up the Earth.
This diagram shows the Earth interior.
 EARTH'S INTERIOR
The Earth's crust is a thin hard outer shell of rock. Under the crust, there is a
deep layer of hot soft rock called the mantle.
The crust and upper mantle can be divided into three layers according to
their rigidity:

1.The lithosphere (The lithosphere is the upper, rigid layer of the Earth. It consists of the crust and the
top of the mantle and it is about 100 km thick),
2.The asthenosphere (Below the lithosphere, in the Earth's mantle, is the hot, soft rock of the
asthenosphere. The boundary between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere occurs at the point where
temperatures climb above 1300°C),
3.The mesosphere.

Beneath the mantle is a core of hot iron and nickel. The outer core is so hot
(4500°C - 6000°C) that it is always molten. The inner core is even hotter (up to
7000°C) but it stays solid because the pressure is 6000 times greater than on
the surface.
The inner core contains 1.7% of the Earth's mass, the outer core 30.8%; the
core - mantle boundary 3%; the lower mantle 49%; the upper mantle 15%; the
ocean crust 0.099% and the continental crust 0.374%.
The main layers that form the Earth.
 Our knowledge of the Earth's interior comes mainly from studying how
earthquake waves move through different kinds of rock.
 Analysis of how earthquake waves are deflected reveals where different
materials occur in the interior. S (secondary) waves pass only through the
mantle. P (primary) waves pass through the core as well. P waves
passing through the core are deflected, leaving a shadow zone where no
waves reach the far side of the earth.
 The speed of earthquake waves reveals how dense the rocky materials
are. Cold, hard rock transmits waves more quickly than hot, soft rock.
Geo Chemical Classification of Elements
 There are several trials to classify elements on geochemical basis.
 Names such as siderophile, chalcophile, lithophile, hydrophile,
thalassophile, atmophile are commonly used to denote particular
geochemical affinity of elements.
 chemical affinity is the electronic property by which dissimilar chemical
species are capable of forming chemical compounds or Affinity is the
tendency of a molecule to associate with another. .
 Chemical affinity can also refer to the tendency of an atom or compound to
combine by chemical reaction with atoms or compounds of unlike
composition.
 Geochemical Affinity
In the classification scheme of Goldschmidt, elements are divided
according to how they partition between coexisting silicate liquid, sulfide
liquid, metallic liquid, and gas phase…defined by examining ore smelting
slags and meteorites
• Melting a chondrite gives 3 immiscible liquids plus
vapor: Atmophile
Gas Phase H, He, N, Noble gases

Alkalis, Alkaline Earths,

Silicate Liquid Lithophile Halogens, B, O, Al, Si, Sc,
Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Y, Zr, Nb,
Lanthanides, Hf, Ta, Th,
U
Sulfide Liquid
Chalcophile Cu, Zn, Ga, Ag, Cd, In, Hg,
Tl, As, S, Sb, Se, Pb, Bi,
Te
Metallic Liquid
Siderophile Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os,
Ir, Pt, Mo, Re, Au, C, P, Ge,
Sn
To first order, the distribution of elements between core and
mantle resembles equilibrium partitioning between metal liquid and
silicates…confirmed by iron and achondrite meteorites (but at high
 What makes an element siderophile or lithophile? Notably, the
Goldschmidt categories are well-grouped in the periodic table of
the elements:

IA IIA Atmophile Siderophile IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA

1 2
1 H Lithophile Artificial He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be Chalcophile B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109
7 Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
 In 1897, Earth’s 1st order structure --
silicate shell surrounding metal core

Emil Johann Wiechert

1861-1928
The composition of the Earth?
How do we get it and how well is it known?
Models must be realistic and multiply constrained
Constraints include data from:
geochemistry petrology thermodynamics
meteorites
mineral physics etc.
& Neutrino geophysics
What were the conditions (P, T, fO2) – vs - time @ 1AU
during accretion?
 Rapid formation of
kilometer bodies from dust

Rapid Formation of Moon

sized bodies by runaway
accretion

Slow (~10 Ma) Formation of

Earthlike Planets

Planet formation Mixing across ~1AU likely

(chemical disequilibrium?)
 “Standard” Model
• Chondrites, primitive meteorites, are key
• So too, the composition of the solar photosphere
• Refractory elements (RE) in chondritic proportions
• Absolute abundances of RE – model dependent
• Mg, Fe & Si are non-refractory elements
• Chemical gradient in solar system
• Non-refractory elements – model dependent
• U & Th are RE, whereas K is moderately volatile
 1.E+08
H
1.E+07

C O
Solar photosphere 1.E+06 N
(atoms Si = 1E6)
1.E+05

1.E+04 B

1.E+03 Li

1.E+02
1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07

C1 carbonaceous chondrite
(atoms Si = 1E6)
Meteorites chondrites
Achondrite, Ca-poor, Diogenite
Allende

Johnstown Carbonaceous chondrite (CV3)

Imilac Henbury
IIIAB

Pallasite, mixture of olivine and iron

 Terms……
• Chondrites: undifferentiated – rock & metal mixture

• Elements
siderophile lithophile chalcophile
metals silicates/oxides sulfides

refractory intermediate volatile

>1400 K ~1300 K <1250 K

• U & Th are refractory, K is moderately volatile, and

all 3 are generally considered lithophile ……
 Primitive Mantle =

Mantle

+
Crust
Define this first….
Composition of the Earth
and chondrites other

Mg
Iron

Silicon

Oxygen
mass
Earth
Iron
Mg

Silicon
Oxygen

atomic
 Core elements left
in the Silicate Earth

Siderophile
and

Chalcophile
4 most abundant elements in the Earth:
Fe, O, Si and Mg

6 most abundance elements in the

Primitive Mantle:
- O, Si, Mg, and – Fe, Al, Ca

This result and 1st order physical data for

the core yield a precise estimate for the
planet’s Fe/Al ratio : 20 ± 2
 K, Th & U in the Continental Crust

Enriched by factor 100

Compositional models
over Primitive Mantle
for the bulk
continental crust

Enriched
K, Th, U
Depleted
K, Th, U

Cont. Crust ~ 0.6% by mass of silicate earth

 What’s in the core?
What would you like?

Constraints: density profile, magnetic field,

abundances of the elements,

Insights from: cosmochemistry, geochemistry,

thermodynamics, mineral physics, petrology,
Hf-W isotopes (formation age)

How well do we know some elements?

 Core compositional models
Model 1 Model 2

others
 Hf

Core formation
- when?
- how?

Hafnium &Tungsten Isotopes

40
30 Hf
20
10
0
174 176 177 178 179 180 182

half-life = 9 million years

40

W
30
20
10
0
180 182 183 184 186