Lesson 14

Other Indeterminate
Forms
OBJECTIVES:

• to define and enumerate other indeterminate

forms (secondary forms) of functions;
• to reduce secondary forms to primary forms;
• to apply the theorems on differentiation in
evaluating limits of indeterminate forms of
functions using L’Hopital’s Rule.
 
 The
.
INDETERMINATE FORMS 0   and  - 
Definition :
A. If f  x  and g x  are two differentiable functions such that lim f  x   0
x a
and lim g x    (which could be signed or unsigned), the product of
x a
f  x  and g  x  is undefined having the form 0   or   0 as x approaches
its limit. To evaluate such limit, their products is transformed to an equivalent
one. Hence ,
f  x
lim f  x   g  x   lim 1
x a x a g  x 

0 
then the limit is evaluated which may result to or . In either of the case
0 
L' Hopital' s Rule applies.
 The INDETERMINATE FORMS 0   and  - 

B. If lim f  x    , and lim g  x     which are both positive , then the

xa xa

then lim  f  x   g  x   is said to be indeterminate of the form  - .

xa

That is  lim  f  x   g  x    lim f  x  - lim g  x    -  .

xa xa xa

The limit could be evaluated by trnasforming the difference into an

0 
equivalent quotient whose limit when evaluated may result to or .
0 
Then apply L' Hopital' s Rule.
 
The INDETERMINATE FORMS
.
0 ,  , and 1
0 0

Defininition :
Given two functions f  x  and g  x  , and if :
 lim f  x   0 , and lim g  x   0 , or
xa xa

 lim f  x    , and lim g  x   0 , or

xa xa

 lim f  x   1, and lim g  x   

xa xa

 or as x approaches   or -   then the expression lim  f  x  

g x
xa

assumed the in det er min ate forms 0 0 ,  0 , 1 , respectively.

These indeterminate forms may be evaluated by letting a variable y
for the function, then apply the properties of logarithm and then LHR.
EXAMPL
.

ES:
Evaluate the following limits
1. lim  x csc 2x 
x0

lim  x csc 2x   0 csc 0  0  

x 0

Transfor min g the function to an equivalent rational function

x 0 0
lim  x csc 2x  lim  
x 0 x 0 sin2x sin 0 0
ApplyLHR
d
x
 x 1 1 1 1
lim  lim dx  lim  lim  
sin2x x 0 d x 0  cos2x  2  x 0 2cos2x 2(cos 0 ) 2
 sin2x 
x 0

dx
1
 lim  x csc 2x  
x 0 2
2. lim
.
x0
 x ln x

lim  x ln x   0 ln 0   0   
x 0

Transfor min g the given function to an equivalent function

ln x ln 0  
lim  x ln x   lim  
x 0 x 0 1 1 
x 0
ApplyLHR
d 1
ln x
 ln x (1)
lim  lim dx  lim x  lim  x   0  lim  x ln x   0
x 0 1 x 0 d  1  x 0 1 x 0 x 0

x dx  x  x2
  1 1 
3. lim.  
x 1
 ln x x  1 

 1 1  1 1 1 1
lim        
x 1  ln x x  1 ln 1 1  1 0 0
Trnsfor min g to a simple fraction
 1 1  ( x  1 )  ln x ( 1  1 )  ln 1 0
lim    x1 (x - 1) ln x  (1 - 1) ln 1  0
 lim
x 1
 ln x x  1 
Apply LHR
d  1 
 1 1 
 ( x  1 )  ln x  1
 x  ( 1 ) 
lim    lim dx  lim  

x 1
 ln x x  1  x1 d (x - 1) ln x  x 1
 x  1  1 ( 1 )   ln x ( 1 )
dx x

x -1
x 11 0
 lim  
x 1 x - 1  x ln x 1  1  (1) ln (1) 0
x
Apply again LHR
d
(x - 1)
 x -1 1
 lim  lim dx  lim
x 1 x - 1  x ln x x1 d  x - 1  x ln x  x1 1  x 1 (1)  (ln x)(1)
dx x
1 1 1
 lim  
x 1 2  ln x 2  ln(1) 2
 1 1  1
 lim    
x 1
 ln x x  1  2
 .

1 1 
4. lim  2  2 
x 0  x x sec 2 x 

 1 1  1 1 1 1
lim  2  2       -
x 0  x x sec 2 x  0 0(sec 0) 0 0

Trnsfor min g to the equivalent function

1 1   1 cos 2 x   1 - cos2x  1  cos 2( 0 ) 0
lim  2  2   lim  2  2   lim  x2   
x 0
x x sec 2 x  x 0
x x  x0   0 0
Apply
. LHR
d
 1 - cos2x 
1 - cos2x    sin 2 x  2  sin 2( 0 ) 0
lim   lim dx  lim  
 d
 
2
x 0
 x  x 0
x2
x 0 2x 0 0
dx

Apply LHR again

d
 sin 2 x 
 sin 2 x   cos 2 x ( 2 )( 1 )  lim 2 cos 2 x  2 cos 0  2
lim  lim dx  lim
x d 1
 x
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0

dx

1 1 
 lim  2  2  2
x 0
x x sec 2 x 
5. lim.  2 x 
x
x 0

lim  2x  x   2( 0) 0  0 0 Apply LHR

x 0
d 1
 ln 2 x  (2)
Let y   2 x 
x
ln 2 x
lim  lim dx  2 x  lim  x   0
1 d 1 1
ln y  ln 2x 
x 0 x  0 x 0
x
x dx  x  x2
ln 2x
ln y  x ln 2x   ln  2x 
1 limln y  lim 0
x x 0 x 0 1
Apply the lim it on both sides x
limln y  0
ln 2 x ln 2( 0 ) ln 0   x 0
lim ln y  lim   
x 0 x 0 1 1   Take the inverse function of both sides
x 0 lim y  e 0  lim y  1
x 0 x 0

since y   2x 
x

then therefore lim  2x   1

x
x 0
 1
x 1
. 6. lim ( x )
x 1

1 1 1

lim ( x ) x 1
 (1) 11
 ( 1 )  ( 1 )
0
x 1
1

Let y  ( x ) x 1

1
1
ln y  ln( x ) x 1   ln x   ln x
x 1 x 1
Applying the lim it on both sides as x  1
ln x ln 1 0
lim ln y  lim  
x 1 x 1 x 1 11 0

Apply LHR on the right member

d 1
ln x
 ln x   1 1 1
lim  lim dx  lim x  lim 
x 1 x  1 x 1 d
 x  1 x1 1 x1 x 1
dx
.

Thus
ln x
lim  lim ln y  1,take the inverse function of both sides
x 1 x  1 x 1
1
lim y  e 1
but y   x  x 1
x 1
1
lim  x  x 1  e  2.71
x 1
7. . lim (cot x ) x
x 0

lim (cot x ) x  (cot 0)0   0

x 0

Let y  (cot x ) x
ln cot x
ln y  ln(cot x ) x  x ln cot x 
1
x
Apply the limit on both sides
ln cot x
lim ln y  lim
x 0 x 0 1
x
ln cot  0  ln   
lim  
x 0 1  
0
 Apply LHR on right member
d 1
(ln cot x ) (  csc 2 x )( 1 )
ln cot x
lim  lim dx  lim cot x
x 0 1 x 0 d 1 x 0 1
   2
x dx  x  x

sin x  1  1
 2 
cos x  sin x sin x cos x 2  x2
 lim  lim  lim
x 0 1 x 0 1 x  0 2  sin x cos x
 2  2
x x

2x 2 2(0) 0
 lim  
x  0 sin 2 x sin(0) 0
Apply LHR again
d
2 ( 2x2 )
2x 4x 2x 2( 0 ) 0
lim  lim dx  lim  lim   0
x 0 sin 2 x x 0 d x 0 (cos 2 x )( 2 ) x 0 cos 2 x cos(0) 1
(sin 2 x )
dx

Hence
ln cot x
lim  lim ln y  0 , take teh inverse function of both sides
x 0  1 x 0

x
lim y  e 0  1
x 0

Since y   cot x  then  lim  cot x   1

x x

x 0