Reinforced Concrete -I

(CENG 3502)

10/20/20 RC- Lecture Note Slide 1

 Chapter -1

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT

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 1.1 Material Properties of Concrete
Concrete is an artificial stone obtained by mixing aggregates,
cement and water and allowing the product to cure for hardening.

Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in construction of

various civil engineering structures such as buildings of various
types, bridges, under ground structures, water tanks, offshore oil
explorations and production structures, dams, among others.

Essential ingredients are cement and water, which react with each
other chemically to form another material having useful strength.

 Strength of concrete depends upon:

Quality & relative quantities of its ingredients
Manner in w/c they are mixed, compacted and cured.
 Different specifications for various purposes is obtained by
adjusting
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the proportions ofRC-
cement, aggregate and water.
Lecture Note Slide 3
 RC is a composite material made of concrete and steel.

 Plain concrete possesses high compressive strength but little tensile

strength, which makes it weak in bending, shear and torsion.

 Reinforcing steel possesses high strength both in tension and

compression.

 In RC, steel provides the tensile strength and the concrete provides the
compressive strength, features combination of w/c yield versatile and
strong material.

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Advantages of RC Disadvantages of RC

 It is moldable into any desired  Difficult to dismantle

shape (flexible)
 Formwork is expensive

 It deteriorates less with time Difficult to supervise after

pouring
 It is fire, weather and corrosion
resistant  Due to crack, large portions
of section not effectively used
 It is monolithic (components
casted together in situ)

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1.2 Important Features of Concrete
 The most important properties of concrete in RC structures are its
strength and mechanical properties, its shrinkage, creep and
thermal volume changes properties, and its durability.

1.2.1 Time-Dependant Volume Changes

 three main types of volume changes which may cause stresses,
cracking, or deflections, which in turn affect the serviceability
behavior of reinforced concrete structures.
 These are shrinkage, creep and thermal movement.
• Shrinkage:
  Shrinkage is the reduction in volumes as the concrete hardens.
 If the change in volume of concrete is allowed to take place freely
with out restraint, there will be no stress change with in the
concrete.
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 If restrained, shrinkage strains can cause cracking of concrete and
will generally cause the deflection of structural members to
increase with time.
 Fig. 1.1 shows the increase in shrinkage strain with time.
 The shrinkage occurs at a decreasing rate with time.
 The final shrinkage strains vary greatly, being generally in the
range 0.0002 to 0.0006 but sometimes as much as 0.001.

Fig. 1.1 Typical shrinkage curve for concrete

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Thermal movement:
 Concrete expands with increasing temperature and contracts with
decreasing temperature.
 The effects of such volume changes are similar to those caused by
shrinkage.
 Therefore, codes of practice specify minimum quantity of
reinforcement in a member for this purpose.
 A value of 10 x 10-6 per oC may be used for the calculation of
stresses and deformations caused by temperatures changes.
• Creep
 Creep is a continuous deformation of a member under sustained
load and it is pronounced in concrete.
 The nature of creep process is shown schematically in Figure 1.2.
 Factors attributing:- loading at an early stage, high water – cement
ratio, exposing the concrete to drying condition.
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 Fig. 1.2 Typical creep curve
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• The characteristics of creep are:
 The deformations are roughly proportional to the intensity of
loading and to the inverse of the concrete strength (high strength
concrete shows less creep than low strength concrete).
 The creep strains, c, are on the order of one to three times the
instantaneous elastic strains.
 The creep coefficient,, which is the ratio of the creep strain to
elastic strain, is affected by the ratio of the sustained stress to the
strength of concrete, the humidity of the environment, the
dimensions of the element, and the composition of the concrete.
 If the load is removed, most of the instantaneous elastic
deformation will recover.

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• Durability
 Exposure to a wide rang of conditions such as soil, sea water,
stored chemicals or others affect life of structures (durability).
 Accordingly, the severity of the exposure governs the type of
concrete mix required and the minimum cover to the reinforcing
steel.

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1.2.2 Characteristic Strength of Concrete (fk)

 The term ‘characteristic strength’ is used instead of 28-day cube

strength and yield stress.
 fk is defined as the value of the cube strength of concrete (fcu) or
the yield or proof stress of reinforcement (fy), below which 5% of
all possible test results would be expected to fall.
fk = fm – 1.64s
Where:- fm is the mean strength of actual test results,
s is the standard deviation, and 1.64 is the value of the
constant required to comply with 5% of the test results falling
below the characteristic strength, as indicated in Fig. 1.3.

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 Fig. 1.3 Characteristic strength
 It is a must for strength of concrete to be at an age of 28 days as
lower ages tests do not provide desired strength.
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 The 28-day characteristic strengths determine the grade of
the concrete w/c provide the durability for the environmental
conditions & strength for the loading requirements.
• Table 1.2.1 Grades of Concrete
Class Permissible Grades of Concrete
I C5 C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 C50 C60
II C5 C15 C20
 The compressive strength of concrete is determined from
tests on 150mm cubes at the age of 28 days.

 Other specimens may also be used with certain conversion

factors.

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 These conversion factors are given in Table 1.2.2 on the basis of
150mm cubes.
Table 1.2.2 Conversion Factors for strength

Size and Type of Test Specimen Conversion Factor

Cube (200 mm) 1.05
Cylinder (150mm dia. 300mm 1.25
height)

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 Table 1.2.3 Grades of Concrete and Characteristic Cylinder
Compressive Strength fck.

Grades of
Concrete C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 C50 C60

fck 12 16 20 24 32 40 48

 Designer has to determine the environment and

exposure conditions for selecting an appropriate grade
of concrete

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Stress – Strain Curve

 The modulus of elasticity, Ec,

i.e., the slope of the initial straight
portion of the stress strain curve,
increases with an increase in
compressive strength.

Ec depends both on the concrete

grade & the actual properties of
the aggregates used.

 In the absence of more accurate

data,

Where, Ecm is the secant

modulus.
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Tensile Strength of Concrete (fctk)
 Important in design to resist shear, torsion & control crack
width.

 Difficult to obtain from test because of handling problems.

 In EBCS, fctk = 0.21fck2/3MPa.

fck = characteristic cylindrical compressive strength in MPa.

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1.3 Reinforcing Steel
 It is high strength and high costing material.

The ribs on the bar provides sufficient bond between concrete &
steel to avoid relative movements of the steel bars and the
surrounding concrete.

This bond may further be developed by

• Chemical adhesion
• Natural roughness
•Closely spaced rib-shaped surface deformation of
reinforcements.
•Most reinforcing bars are deformed except dia. 6mm bar

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Table 1.3.1 Bar diameter, areas and weight per meter length

Diameter Area Weight Diameter Area Weight

( mm) (mm2) (Kg/m) ( mm) (mm2) (Kg/m)
6 28 0.222 16 200 1.578
8 50 0.395 18 254 1.984
10 78.5 0.619 20 314 2.466
12 113 0.888 22 380 2.948
14 154 1.208 24 450 3.551

Simple formula to calculate bar weight

Where
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D=bar diameter ρ= density of steel (=7850 g/m3)
RC- Lecture Note Slide 20
 Types of reinforcing steel

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 The yield strength fy(fyk) vary b/n between 220 to 550 MPa, with
300MPa common in our country.
 The modulus of elasticity Es between 200 to 210 MPa.
1.4 Behavior under Load
Loads
 Loads that act on structures can be divided into three
categories: dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads (as
wind, snow, quake and explosive or blast).
 Qn. How do you think is the behavior of a structures like blg,
reservoirs & bridges under the above loads?,

 Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed
in location throughout the lifetime of the structure

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RC- Lecture Note Slide
Live loads:- occupancy loads in buildings & traffic loads on bridges.
 Their magnitude and distribution or intensity at any
given time are uncertain.
 Are usually approximated as uniformly distributed
load in codes.

Environmental loads:- are mainly snow, wind, earthquake (i.e.,

inertia forces caused by earthquake motions) and blast
or explosive loads.

 Like live loads, environmental loads at any given

time are uncertain both in magnitude and distribution.
Characteristic loads (Fk)
 The Fk should be determined from the mean load and
its standard deviation using the same probability as for
the materials,
Fk = Fm + 1.64s.
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Characteristic loads (Fk)
 The Fk should be determined from the mean load and its standard
deviation using the same probability as for the materials,
Fk = Fm + 1.64s.

 The Fk would be that value of loading such that not more than 5%
of the spectrum of loading throughout the life of structure will lie
above the value of the characteristic load (Figure 1.4.1).

Fig. 1.4 Characteristic load

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 The Fk imposed and wind loads have the notation (Gk, Qk) & Wk
respectively.
1.5 Design Procedure
 There are a number of phases in a design process - from inception
to detailing and quantity estimation.
 Functional Planning: planning the structure to enable to fulfill
effectively the purpose for which it is to be built.
 For blg, suitable arrangement of rooms, corridors, stairways,
elevator, etc.; which will be aesthetically acceptable, and which
can be built at a price the client is prepared to pay.
 Structural Planning: It is the planning of the structural scheme,
arrangement of the structural elements such as columns and beams
to meet the functional planning.
 Structural Analysis: It involves modeling the loads and the
structural framework to obtain internal forces and desired
deflections.

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Design: It involves proportioning the members of the structural
system so that they will be able to withstand, with an appropriate
margin of safety, the forces which the structural analysis has
disclosed.
Cost estimation

Behavior

In RC structures such as beams, the tension caused by bending

moment is chiefly resisted by the steel reinforcement while the
concrete alone is capable of resisting the corresponding
compression.

Such joint action of the two materials is assumed if the relative slip
is prevented which is achieved by using deformed bars, with their
high bond strength at the steel concrete interface.
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To illustrate the stress strain development for increased loading
consider the following.

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 Thank you!

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