Computer Science

Presented By: Er. Gaurab Mishra

(Bachelors and Masters in Computer Engineering)
Lecturer at KMC,ICMS
 Computer (Definition)
• The Computer meaning is the digital device that stores information in memory using input
devices and manipulate information to produce output according to given instructions.
• Computer is used to perform some sequence of instructions in fast and accurate manner.
• Consists of different units that perform different functions.

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 Data
• Data is a raw and unorganized fact that is required to be processed to
make it meaningful
• Generally, data comprises facts, observations, numbers, characters,
symbols, image, etc.
• Data alone has no significance
• Data measured in bits and bytes.
• Data can be structured, tabular data, graph, data tree
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 Data(Contd..)
• FOR example:
• Each student’s test score is one piece of data.

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 Information
• Information is a set of data which is processed in a meaningful way
according to the given requirement.
• Information is processed, structured, or presented in a given context to
make it meaningful and useful.
• Information assigns meaning and improves the reliability of the data.
• So, when the data is transformed into information, it never has any useless
details.

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 Information(Contd..)
• Information is measured in meaningful units like time, quantity, etc.
• Information is language, ideas, and thoughts based on the given data.
• Information is dependent on Data.
• For example:
• The average score of a class or of the entire school is information that can be derived
from the given data.

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 Imp:
• The terms "data" and "information" are sometimes misinterpreted as
referring to the same thing. However, they are not the same.
• Information informs you of something. It answers a specific question. It
represents a specific truth or fact.

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 Program
• A computer program is a collection of instructions that performs a specific
task when executed by a computer.
• A computer program is usually written by a computer programmer in a
programming language.
• Once it is written, the programmer uses a compiler to turn it into a
language that the computer can understand.
• They are generally, small in size and have limited functionality.
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 Program
• Subset of software.

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 Software
• is a set of instructions, data or programs ,procedures and associated
document used to operate computers and execute specific tasks.
• It includes all programs on a computer such as applications and the
operating system.
• Software=program + good user interface + operating procedures +
documentation

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 Types of Software
• System Software
• Application Software

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 System Software
• is a software to manage computer hardware behavior so as to provide
basic functionalities that are required by the user.
• is an intermediator or a middle layer between the user and the hardware.
• system software is very important in managing the entire computer
system.
• Designed to control the operation and extend the processing capability of
a computer system.

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 System Software..
• Supports development of other application software.
• Supports execution of other application software.
• Monitors and manages effective use of various hardware resources such as
CPU , memory and peripherals.
• Communicates and controls different peripheral devices.

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 System Software..
• Types
• Operating System
• Language Processors
• Utility Programs

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 Application Software
• also known as end-user programs or productivity programs are software
that helps the user in completing specific tasks such as payroll processing
software, banking software , doing online research, jotting down notes,
setting an alarm, designing graphics, keeping an account log, doing
calculations or even playing games.
• Range from simple calculation software to complex scientific and
engineering application software such as weather forecasting, space
shuttle launching and many more.
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 Application Software
• Types:
• Standard or Packaged Applications
• e.g.: Ms-Word , Ms-Excel
• Customized or Unique Applications
• e.g.: Banking Software, School Management System..

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 Characteristics of a Computer
• Speed
A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to
humans while performing mathematical calculations. Computers can process
millions (1,000,000) of instructions per second. The time taken by
computers for their operations is microseconds and nanoseconds.

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 Characteristics of a Computer
• Accuracy
Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur
due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy.
• Diligence
A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same
consistency and accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of
concentration. Its memory also makes it superior to that of human beings.

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 Characteristics of a Computer
• Versatility
Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different
kinds of works with same accuracy and efficiency.
• Reliability
A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data
i.e., if we give same set of input any number of times, we will get the same
result.

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 Characteristics of a Computer
• Automation
Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it performs tasks
without manual intervention.
• Memory
A computer has built-in memory called primary memory where it stores
data. Secondary storage are removable devices such as CDs, HDD,SSD, pen
drives, etc., which are also used to store data.

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 Computer Architecture
• Computer Architecture is “what”
• Computer Architecture is concerned with the structure and behavior of the
computer as seen by the user.
• It exactly tells you what the system does.
• It includes those attributes that are visible to a programmer.
• It may answer some of the questions like: instruction sets, no of registers
required, techniques for addressing memory.
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 Contd..
• Can last for longer times.
• The x86, made by Intel and AMD.
• The SPARC, made by Sun Microsystems and others.
• The PowerPC, made by Apple, IBM, and Motorola.

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 Computer Organization
• Computer organization is “How”.
• It tells you how exactly all units in your system have been arranged and
interconnected to help realize the architectural goals your system claims to
have achieved.
• Tells how the system performs.
• It is concerned with the way the hardware components operate and the
way they are connected together to form computer system.

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 Contd..
• It includes circuit design, control signals , memory types.
• It may change soon.
• Short defn:
• What the functional components of a computer are, how they work and how their
performance is measured and optimized.

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 Computer System
• A computer is made up of hardware and software that work together to
make up a complete computer system
• This computer system can then process instructions and data.

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 Computer System
• The computer receives data, process it, produces output and stores it for further references.
• A CPU takes data from the world (or from a special storage place called Random Access
Memory, or RAM for short), using a range of input devices such as a keyboard or mouse,
processes it and then it either outputs it to world using a range of output devices such as a
set of speakers, a monitor or printer, or stores it using a range of storage media.
• The CPU processes data according to sets of instructions, or programs, which are held in
Random Access Memory, or RAM. The CPU cannot directly work with any programs or
data held on a storage medium such as a hard drive or pen drive. If it wants to use them, it
first has to move them into RAM.

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 Hardware, software and Peripherals
• Hardware is anything that is physical, that you can touch, such as a keyboard, a web
cam, a stick of RAM, a CPU chip or a pen drive.
• Software are the programs (or sets of instructions) that make the hardware do useful
things. Examples of software include your favorite music program, a word processing
program, your operating system and a web browser.
• A peripheral is simply any piece of hardware that you can connect to the CPU. Normally,
you would do this by plugging it into somewhere on the outside of your computer system
which then links to the CPU inside the system. you can do this by using a USB port, for
example, or by making a connection wirelessly, for example, by using Bluetooth.

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 Computer System
• A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solve highly
complicated problems quickly and accurately. A computer as shown in Fig.  performs
basically five major computer operations or functions irrespective of their size and make.
These are
1) it accepts data or instructions by way of input,
2) it stores data,
3) it can process data as required by the user,
4) it gives results in the form of output, and
5) it controls all operations inside a computer.

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 Block Diagram of Computer System

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 Input Unit
• Input unit connects the external environment with internal computer
system. It provides data and instructions to the computer system.
Commonly used input devices are keyboard, mouse.
Input unit performs following tasks:
• Accept the data and instructions from the outside environment.
• Convert it into machine language.
• Supply the converted data to computer system.

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 Central Processing Unit
• Brain of the computer System.
• Process all the operations of the computer.
• All the major calculations , operations or comparisons are performed
inside the CPU.
• Responsible for handling the operations of several other units.

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 CPU
• The CPU consists of the following three distinct units namely.

• Memory Unit
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic and logical units

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 Control Unit
• It controls all the other units in the computer.
• Manages and coordinates the entire computer system.
• Provides the necessary timing and control signals to all the operations on
the computer.
• Also called central nervous system of computer because it controls and
coordinates all the activities inside the computer system.

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 Control Unit
• The task of control unit is:
• 1. Fetch the instruction from memory
• 2. Decode the instruction.
• 3. Execute the instruction.

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 Control Unit
• It controls the flow of data and instructions from the storage unit to the
ALU.
• It also controls the flow of results from ALU to the storage unit.

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 Arithmetic Logic Unit
• It performs all the arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction
,multiplication, division.
• Also performs all the logical operations such as
AND,OR,NOT,COMPLEMENT.
• ALU answers questions like YES/NO , TRUE/FALSE, WRITE/WRONG,
GREATER/SMALLER etc.

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 Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Various computing functions are performed on data.

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 Memory Unit
• Main storage unit in the computer.
• Memory is the location where the data and programs entered through the
input devices are stored.
• Stores an intermediate result of processing.
• Stores the final result of processing before the results are passed to the
output devices.

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 Memory Unit
• Further divided into two types
1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory.

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 Primary Memory
• Communicates directly with the CPU.
• Often referred as Main Memory.
• Generally used to hold the program currently being executed in the
computer, data being received from the input and the intermediate and
final results of the program.
• Data stored in Main memory is volatile and is erased as soon as the power
supply is cut off.

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 Primary Memory
• Ram is an example of Main Memory.

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 Secondary Memory
• Secondary memory is the external memory of the computer which can be
used to store data and information on a long-term basis.
• Has a very large capacity.
• Used as an archive or backup memory for future reference.

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 Secondary Memory
• Store data and Programs Permanently.
• The programs you run on your computer are first transferred to the main
memory before it is actually run.
• Eg: Hard disk drives, solid state drives etc.

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 Output Unit
• It connects the internal system of a computer to the external environment.
It provides the results of any computation, or instructions to the outside
world. Some output devices are printers, monitor etc.
• processing of extracting the data from CPU through some suitable devices is
called Output.
• Converts the computation result in human readable form through output
devices.

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 Registers
• Fastest memory in Memory Hierarchy.
• Most expensive memory in Memory Hierarchy.
• Special temporary storage location within the CPU.
• The quickly accept, store and transfer data, instructions and result that are
being used immediately.

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 Registers
• To execute an instruction , the control unit of CPU retrieves it from the
main memory and places into register.
• Eg: Accumulator, stack pointer, Address Register etc.

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