MATERIALS AND

METHODS IN
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION-IV

PRESENTED BY : PUNEET B
RANI P
RATAN R
RITIKA B
SACHIN C
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Structural steel is a category of steel used for making construction
materials in a variety of shapes. Many structural steel shapes take the
form of an elongated beam having a profile of a specific cross section.
Structural steel shapes, sizes ,chemical composition, mechanical
properties such as strengths, storage practices, etc., are regulated
by standards in most industrialized countries.
 MANUFACTURING OF STRUCTURAL
STEEL
For design of structures, the structural engineer uses long and flat products. The
long products include: angles; channels; joists/beams; bars and rods; while the flat
products comprise: plates; hot rolled coils (HRC) or cold rolled coils (CRC)/sheets in as
annealed or galvanized condition. The starting material for the finished products is as
given below:
· Blooms in case of larger diameter/cross-section long products
· Billets in case of smaller diameter/cross-section long products
· Slabs for hot rolled coils/sheets
· Hot rolled coils in case of cold rolled coils/sheets
· Hot/Cold rolled coils/sheets for cold formed sections
 Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) – also known as the oxygen converter process –is the primary
method of steelmaking.
In essence, the process takes carbon-rich molten pig iron, heats it in an open hearth furnace, blows
oxygenated air across the substrate and thus turns it into high-grade steel.
In addition, a base – such as a flux of burnt lime or dolomite –- is also introduced to lower the level
of impurities in the final product – hence the term “basic.” the most modern factories us electric arc
furnaces (EAFs) to heat the pig iron but they can become cost-prohibitive when the price of
electricity is high.
Cutting work pieces to length is usually done with a band saw.
A beam drill line (drill line) has long been considered an indispensable way to drill holes and mill
slots into beams, channels and HSS elements.
CNC beam drill lines are typically equipped with feed conveyors and position sensors to move the
element into position for drilling, plus probing capability to determine the precise location where the
hole or slot is to be cut.
For cutting irregular openings or non-uniform ends on dimensional (non-plate) elements, a cutting
torch is typically used.
Oxy-fuel torches are the most common technology and range from simple hand-held torches to
automated CNC coping machines that move the torch head around the structural element in
accordance with cutting instructions programmed into the machine.
Fabricating flat plate is performed on a plate processing center where the plate is laid flat on a
stationary 'table' and different cutting heads traverse the plate from a gantry-style arm or "bridge.“
The cutting heads can include a punch, drill or torch.
Before Henry Bessemer, an English inventor, developed the first technique of modern steelmaking,
all steel objects were either forged or cast in crucibles.
In the former process, a steel ingot is subjected to a number of presses that stamp or bend it into
shape.
In the latter, a molten steel sludge is deposited into a pre-made mold and allowed to cool.
The mold is then removed and the metal piece further refined mechanically.
Both processes have their benefits and drawbacks but forging is essentially useless for creating large
pieces of structural steel.
It does work well for creating smaller steel pieces such as swords and cutlery.
 Manufacturing of Structural Steel

While the shorthand version of how structural steel is created involves heating iron up and
adding certain substance to achieve specific properties, the long version is much more
involved.
Raw iron is the chief ingredient, but it is rarely found pure in nature. Most often it already
contains carbon, but usually in too high a concentration. Some carbon needs to be
removed, but not all. Because of that, the manufacturing of steel products can be an
involved process.
6
 Manufacturing of Structural Steel
1. First, the raw iron ore is crushed and sorted. There are a number of different refining
processes, all designed to sort out the best grades of iron, usually around 60 percent.
2. Ore is the loaded into a blast furnace from the top and heated, while hot air is blown
into the furnace from the bottom. The reaction that takes place begins to remove
impurities as pure iron sinks to the bottom of the furnace.
3. The molten iron is drawn off and is further heated to allow the inclusion of other
substances, such as manganese, that deliver different properties to the finished steel
product.

Once the steel has been created, it is formed into a number of different configurations,
depending on how it will be used. Beam, channel, angle, plate and hollow steel tube are
the most common.

7
 Fabrication
Even after it has been formed into shape, structural steel still requires fabricating
and welding. A skilled fabricator or welder can take advantage of the relative
malleability of structural steel to create whatever shape is needed for a specific
application.
Welding is largely replacing riveting as the chosen method of fabricating
structural steel, and with good reason. Welded structures are:
1. Lighter than similarly riveted structures
2. More cost effective
3. Easier to navigate and mold than their riveted counterparts

For all your structural steel needs, contact our team at Swanton Welding

8
STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES
TYPES
After iron, carbon is the most important element in steel.
The increase of carbon produces materials with high strength and low ductility.
The techniques used for the production of steel are high- computerized stress analysis, precision
stress analysis, and innovative jointing.
The types of structural steel sections normally used are beams, channels, flats, and angles. The
main kinds of structural steel are generally categorized according to the under mentioned categories
of chemical composition:
Carbon-manganese steels: The major chemical ingredients are iron, carbon, and manganese.
These are normally called mild structural steels or carbon steels. The strength and ductility are
high, and being economical is therefore widely used. The famous category amongst this type is
ASTM grade A36.
High-strength, low-alloy steels: This is a recent development in the steel industry. Chemical
elements are added to improve the strength. A commonly used type is ASTM grade A572.
High-strength tempered and quenched alloy steels: These are used for structural purposes and
generally available is ASTM grade A514.
Fireproofing Of Structural Steel: Fire-resistance rating is determined by the time
taken for the steel that is for being tested to attain the temperature fixed by the
standard. Structural steel needs external insulation that is also called fireproofing, to
prevent the deterioration of steel in the occurrence of a fire. On heating, the steel
expands and becomes softer, and finally the structural integrity is lost. If sufficient
energy is provided, steel may also melt. The transfer rate of heat to steel can be
reduced by using fireproofing materials. While concrete structures may be able to resist
fire damage without extra fireproofing, concrete may deteriorate, particularly if the
moisture content is high. Fireproofing is typically used in tunnels and locations where 
hydrocarbons fire is likely to break out. Fireproofing is incorporated to meet the fire
protection necessities that are essential due to the building codes.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
SECTIONS
American Standard Beam (S-Shaped)
Generally known as an S beam, the American standard beam has a rolled section with two parallel flanges,
all connected by a web. The flanges on S-shaped beams are relatively narrow. The designation of the beam
gives the builder information about each unit’s width and weight. For example, S12x50 represents a beam
that’s 12 inches deep and weighs 50 pounds per foot.
Angle (L-Shaped)
Angle beams take an L shape, with two legs that come together at a 90-degree angle. Angle beams come in
equal or unequal leg sizes. An unequal leg L beam may have one leg of 2x2x0.5 and one leg of 6x3x0.5,
for example. L beams are typically used in floor systems because of the reduced structural depth.
Bearing Pile (H-Shaped)
When builders can’t find a structure on a shallow foundation, they use bearing piles to design a deep
foundation system. Bearing piles are H-shaped to effectively transfer loads through the pile to the tip.
Bearing piles work best in dense soils that offer most resistance at the tip. Individual piles can bear more
than 1,000 tons of weight.
Channel (C-Shaped)
Structural C channels, or C beams, have a C-shaped cross section. Channels have top and bottom flanges,
with a web connecting them. C-shaped beams are cost-effective solutions for short- to medium-span
structures. Channel beams were originally designed for bridges, but are popular for use in marine piers and
other building applications.
Hollow Steel Section (HSS)
HSS is a metal profile that has a hollow, tubular cross section. HSS units can be
square, rectangular, circular, or elliptical. HSS structures are rounded, with radiuses
that are about twice the thickness of the wall. Engineers commonly use HSS sections
in welded steel frames for which units experience loading in different directions.

I-Beam
An I Beam, also known as an H beam or a universal beam, has two horizontal
elements, the flanges, with a vertical element as the web. The web is capable of
resisting shear forces, while the horizontal flanges resist most of the beam’s bending
movement. The I shape is very effective at carrying shear and bending loads in the
web’s plane. The construction industry widely uses I beams in a variety of sizes.
Pipe
Structural steel pipes are important for a variety of construction applications, lending
strength and stability. Pipes are hollow, cylindrical tubes that come in a variety of
sizes. Engineers often use steel pipes to meet the needs of water, oil, and gas industry
projects.
Tee
A tee beam, or T beam, is a load-bearing beam with a T-shaped cross section. The top
of this cross section is the flange, with the vertical web below. Tee beams can
withstand large loads but lack the bottom flange of the I Beam, giving it a
disadvantage in some applications.
PROPERTIES
Characteristics - Structural steel differs from concrete in its attributed compressive strength as well as
tensile strength.
Strength - Having high strength, stiffness, toughness, and ductile properties, structural steel is one of the
most commonly used materials in commercial and industrial building construction.
Constructability - Structural steel can be developed into nearly any shape, which are either bolted or
welded together in construction. Structural steel can be erected as soon as the materials are delivered on
site, whereas concrete must be cured at least 1–2 weeks after pouring before construction can continue,
making steel a schedule-friendly construction material.
Fire resistance - Steel is inherently a noncombustible material. However, when heated to temperatures seen
in a fire scenario, the strength and stiffness of the material is significantly reduced. The International
Building Code requires steel be enveloped in sufficient fire-resistant materials, increasing overall cost of
steel structure buildings.
Corrosion - Steel, when in contact with water, can corrode, creating a potentially dangerous structure.
Measures must be taken in structural steel construction to prevent any lifetime corrosion. The steel can be
painted, providing water resistance. Also, the fire resistance material used to envelope steel is commonly
water resistant.
Mold - Steel provides a less suitable surface environment for mold to grow than wood.
 PROPERTIES OF STEEL STRUCTURE

In Construction:
 Prefabrication and erection of components.
 Shorter construction of time.
 Closed dimensional tolerances.
 Ease in fixing and cladding.
 Erection independent of weather conditions.
 Modest demand on space on the site.
 Dry Construction

17
 PROPERTIES OF STEEL STRUCTURE

In Design:
 Large spans.
 With columns of small section.
 Great building heights and high loadbearing capacity.
 combined with low dead weight of the structure.
 Structural system in which openings can be easily
provided.
 To simplify installation of services.

18
 PROPERTIES OF STEEL STRUCTURE

In use:
 Greater flexibility.
 Limited no. of internal supports.
 Adaptability of frameworks to change of use.
 Increasing effective life of building.
 Ease in Dismantling or demolition.

19
USES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
LARGE BUILDINGS
Steel's low weight and immense strength makes it ideal for use when building high-rise
buildings.
While high-rise buildings (heights between 75-491 feet) are generally made up of
reinforced steel and concrete, skyscrapers (heights over 492 feet) are nearly always
strictly composed of a steel frame.
Another added benefit to using steel in these massive buildings is the speed of
construction that steel lends itself to. With the right team on your side steel can be
fabricated quickly, allowing for an accelerated rate of production.
 INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
Steel is one of the most ideal materials to use when constructing industrial buildings.
There are a few reasons for this, including cost, strength, durability, and more.
The strength that steel provides is beneficial in more ways than just structural integrity.
It’s durability means that less labor costs are required throughout the project, minimizing to
potential impact of repairs.  Also, steel is one of the strongest building materials available on the
market.
With the highest strength to weight ratio out of any construction material, steel provides stability
that is excellent for even the largest of industrial buildings. Additionally, it is prized for its
durability and weather resistance.
With the ability to withstand all types of weather, even earthquakes, steel is a great choice no
matter what your area’s climate might be.
 RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
During the construction of residential buildings built with steel, a process called light gauge steel is
used to help maximize the structure’s level of strength.
During light gauge steel construction, wood 2x4s are replaced with steel.
This is similar to a traditional wooden framed building, but much more dependable and long-
lasting. Essentially any residential building, be it an individual home or a multiunit property, can be
enhanced through the usage of steel.
PARKING GARAGES
Steel is an ideal material when building structures such as parking garages for many of the same
reasons that it is desirable for large building.
Benefits include low construction cost, shortened construction time, and long-term durability, all
very important qualities to have in parking garage construction.
Also, the light weight and ease of construction that steel provides makes it an ideal material for
constructing parking garages in a short period of time, and it is durable enough to withstand the
weight of the many cars that will soon fill your space.
BRIDGE
Steel is commonly used to build large bridges.
Its outstanding strength to weight ratio is highlighted yet again when it comes to building
these massive structures, and its level of durability ensures that it will be able to withstand the
weight of cars and pedestrians atop it.
The Brooklyn Bridge, the oldest suspension bridge in the US at 127 years old, is made up
largely of steel-wire suspensions.
The benefits provided by using steel in your next project are countless, and with an
impressive strength-to-weight ratio you can be rest assured that your steel project will be
soundly constructed enough to stand the test of them.
If any of these common steel structures are in the works for your next project, you will have a
hard time finding another material that can provide so many great benefits.  From towering
skyscrapers to endlessly stretching bridges, steel is definitely one material that will not let you
down.
THANK YOU