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Industrial Revolution

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World economies at end of 1700s

 Major civilizations are agricultural

 rural societies

 Some trade and commerce

 Some arts and crafts

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Industrialization

 Coincided with political revolutions in America, France, and the

Atlantic world

 Decades long process with no clear-cut beginning and end but did
change lives like amn

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Industrialization

 Industrialization: Mass production of goods by means of machine

power
 Machine as the disposal of ordinary people

 Importance of trade and commerce skyrocketed

 Rural populations move to cities

 Affected social classes

 Capitalism is dominant economic system

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Overview: The Industrial Revolution

 Energy: coal and steam replace wind, water, human and

animal labor
 Organization: factories over cottage industries
 Rural agriculture declines, urban manufacturing increases
 Transportation: trains, automobiles replace animals,
watercraft

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Change to Factories

 Factories over cottage industries

 small-scale industry carried on at home by family
members using their own equipment
 When would families work at a small business?
 What are their hours like?
 What are hours like at factories?

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Background

 Considered to have begun in England in 1780s

 Application of steam engine to mining and textiles

 Already in place since 1600s:

 Proto-industrial practices – methods more productive than traditional
artistry and craftsmanship
 Flying shuttle (1733)
 Spinning jenny (1764)

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Spinning Jenny
An early form of spinning machine having several spindles

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Flying shuttle
Shuttle was passed through threads by hands requiring two
weavers. John Kay mounted on wheels and made weaving much
faster.
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Background

 Enclosure Acts in England

 Series of UK Acts of Parliament enclosed fields and common land

 Rights people once held to graze animals and use of resources (wood,
water, etc.) of area were denied

 Favored wealthy landowners

 Fenced off large amounts of farmland that had been common property
 Impoverished farmers and forced them to relocate to the cities
 Large pool of available labor

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Background

 Excellentinfastructure in England
 Roads and canals

 Strong tradition of trade and commerce

 Environmental changes:
 Depletion of forests in England and Ireland
 Timber used to build ships for Royal Navy
 Increased dependency on coal
 Effieicnet coal mining required machine power
 Esp. to pump water out of coal mine shafts
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Genesis of the Industrial Revolution

 Great Britain, 1780s

 Followed agricultural revolution
 Food surplus
 Disposable income
 Population increase
 Market
 Labor supply
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British Advantages

 Naturalresources
 Coal, iron ore

 Easeof transportation
 Size of country
 River and canal system

 Exportsto imperial colonies

 Especially machine textiles
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Cotton-Producing Technology

 Flyingshuttle (1733), John Kay

 Sped up weaving output; stimulated demand for
thread
 The“mule” (1779), Samuel Compton
 Could produce 100 times more thread than a manual
wheel
 Powerloom (1785), Edmund Cartwright
 Supplanted hand weavers in cotton industry by 1820s
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Steam Power

 Steam engine
 James Watt (1736-1819) -
Scottish
 Coal-fired so powerful
and cost-effective
 Applied to rotary engine,
multiple applications
 Horsepower

 Especially prominent in
textile industry
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Steam Engine (1782)

1st stage of Industrial Revolution
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England at time of Industrial Revolution
How would England’s size benefit the
industrialization process?

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Key trends of 2nd phase

 Modernization of transport
 Steamships (1807); railroads (1820s)
 Modernization of communications
 Telegraph (1837)
 Factory system
 Systematized, mechanized, and increased scale of production
 Concept of interchangeable parts
 Two Americans: Whitney and Colt
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Industrial Era

 Industrial Revolution thought to have ended in mid-1800s

 The Industrial era continued throughout the rest of the century and
gave birth to huge wave of invention
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Innovations
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Iron and Steel

 1709,British smelters begin to use coke

 Iron production skyrockets

 Bessemer converter (1856), Henry Bessemer

 Refined blast furnace makes production of steel easier,
faster, and cheaper
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Transportation

 Railroads
 1815,first steam-powered locomotive
 The Rocket (1829), 28 mph

 Steamships

 Densetransportation networks developed

 13,000 miles of railroads laid between 1830 and 1870

 Rapid and inexpensive transportation encouraged

industrialization
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The Growth of Factories

 Massive machinery
 Supply of labor
 Transport of raw materials, finished product to markets
 Concentration in newly built factory towns on rivers

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The Factory System

 Early modern Europe adopts “ putting-out” system

 Individuals work at home, employers avoid wage restrictions of

medieval guilds

 Rising prices cause factories to replace both guilds and putting-out

system
 Machines too large, expensive for home use
 Large buildings could house specialized laborers
 Urbanization guarantees supply of cheap unskilled labor

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Working Conditions
 Dramatic shift from rural work rhythms
 Six days a week, fourteen hours a day
 Immediate supervision, punishments
 “ Luddite” protest against machines 1811-1816
 Name from legend about boy named Ludlam who broke a knitting frame
 Leader called “ King Lud”

 Masked Luddites destroy machinery, enjoyed popular support

 14 Luddites hung in 1813, movement dies out

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Spread of Industrialization

 Western Europe
 Spread to Germany, Belgium, France
 French revolution and Napoleonic wars set stage for
industrialization
 Abolish internal trade barriers
 Dismantle guilds
 After 1871, Bismarck sponsors rapid industrialization in
Germany

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Industrial Europe ca. 1850

Insert map 29.1

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Industrialization in North America

 Began in 1820s in New England with cotton textile

industry
 1870s, heavy iron and steel industries emerged in
Pennsylvania, Alabama
 By 1900, U.S. an economic powerhouse, industrialization
spilling over into Canada
 Railroad construction stimulates industry

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Mass Production

 EliWhitney (U.S., 1765-1825) invents cotton gin (1793),

also technique of using machine tools to make
interchangeable parts for firearms
 Mass production becoming hallmark of industrial
societies
 Henry Ford, 1913, develops assembly line approach
 Complete automobile chassis every 93 minutes
 Previously: 728 minutes
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Big Business

Large factories require start-up capital

Corporations formed to share risk,
maximize profits
Britain and France lay foundations for
modern corporation, 1850-1860s

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Monopolies, Trusts, and Cartels

 Large corporations form blocs to drive out competition,

keep prices high
 John D. Rockefeller controls almost all oil drilling,
processing, refining, marketing in U.S.
 German firm IG Farben controls 90% of chemical
production
 Governments often slow to control monopolies

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Industrial Demographics 2

 Technologicalinnovation
 Improved agricultural tools

 Cheapmanufactured goods
 Especially textiles

 Travel and transportation

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Population Growth (millions)

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The Demographic Transition

 Industrialization results in marked decline of both fertility

and mortality
 Better diets
 Improved disease control
 Smallpox vaccine (1797)
 Declining fertility

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The Urban Environment

 Urbanization proceeds dramatically

 1800: only 20% of Britons live in towns with
population over 10,000
 1900: 75% of Britons live in urban
environments
 Intensified industrial pollution
 City centers become overcrowded, unsanitary

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Transcontinental Migrations

 Nineteenth to early twentieth century, rapid population

growth drives Europeans to Americas
 50 million cross Atlantic
 Britons to avoid urban slums, Irish to avoid potato
famines of 1840s, Jews to abandon tsarist persecution
 United States is favored destination

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New Social Classes

 Economic factors result in decline of slavery

 Capitalist wealth brings new status to non-aristocratic
families
 New urban classes of professionals
 Blue-collar factory workers
 Urban environment also creates new types of diversions
 Sporting events

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Women at Home and Work

 Agricultural, cottage industry work involved women: natural
transition
 Butdevelopment of men as prime breadwinners, women in
private sphere, working cheap labor
 Doubleburden: women expected to maintain home as well as
work in industry
 Workingclass women expected to work until marriage
 Domestic service

 Related to child labor: lack of day care facilities

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Child Labor

 Easily exploited, abused

 1840s British Parliament began to pass child
labor laws
 Moral concerns remove children from labor pool
 Also, need for educated workforce

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The Socialist Challenge

 Socialism first used in context of utopian

socialists Charles Fourier (1772-1837) and Robert
Owen (1771-1858)
 Opposed competition of market system
 Attempted to create small model communities
 Inspirational for larger social units

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Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich

Engels (1820-1895)
 Two major classes:
 Capitalists, who control means of production
 Proletariat, wageworkers who sell labor

 Exploitative nature of capitalist system

 Religion: “ opiate of the masses”
 Argued for an overthrow of capitalists in favor of a
“ dictatorship of the proletariat”

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Social Reform and Trade Unions

 Socialism had major impact on nineteenth-century

reformers
 Addressed issues of medical insurance, unemployment
compensation, retirement benefits
 Trade unions form for collective bargaining
 Strikes to address workers’ concerns

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Global Effects

 Global division of labor

 Rural societies that produce raw materials
 Urban societies that produce manufactured goods

 Uneven economic development

 Developing export dependencies of Latin America, sub-Saharan

Africa, south and southeast Asia
 Low wages, small domestic markets

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Overview: Unexpected Costs of the

Industrial Revolution
 Genesis of an environmental catastrophe
 Intellectual origins of human domination over natural resources
 Unforeseen toxins, occupational hazards

 Social ills
 Landless proletariat
 Migrating work forces

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Overview: Creation of New Classes

 The industrial middle class

 Urban proletariat

 Shift in political power

 Inspiration for new political systems, especially Marxism

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