Lesson 2.

1
Methods of
Data
Presentation
 There are various ways of presenting the data after collecting it. The method depends on
the type of data. For example, if data about age of the respondents was collected, it’s
meaning, effect, or impact in the study cannot be understood if the raw data is being
presented instead of a systematic presentation like table or graph. Hence, the importance
of data presentation. The following are the methods used in presenting a set of data:

Methods of Textual Method- a narrative description of the data gathered.

Data
Presentation
Tabular Method- a systematic arrangement of information into columns and rows.

Graphical Method- an illustrative description of the data.

 An FDT is a statistical table showing the frequency or
number of observations contained in each of the defined classes
or categories. For example, if a certain epidemiologist wants to
present data on COVID-19 by age of the respondents, FDT can
be used to present the data.

FREQUENCY  
Parts of a Statistical Table
DISTRIBUTION 1. Table Heading- includes the table number and the title of the
table.
TABLE (FDT) 2. Body- main part of the table that contains the information or
figures.
3. Stubs or classes- classification or categories describing the
data and usually found at the left most side of the table.
4. Caption- designations or identifications of the information
contained in a column, usually found at the topmost of the
column.
Parts of
the
Statistical
Table
 Example:
Types of TABLE 2: Frequency Distribution of the Gender
Respondents of a Survey
FDT
1. Qualitative or Categorical
FDT is a frequency
distribution table where the
data are grouped according to
some qualitative
characteristics; data are
grouped into non numerical
categories.
 Example:
Types of Table 3. Frequency Distribution of the weight of
the respondents in kilograms
FDT
2. Quantitative FDT is a
frequency distribution table
where the data are grouped
according to some numerical
or quantitative characteristics.
  

1. Determine the Range (R)

Steps in
constructing 2. Determine the number of classes (K)
, where N is the total number of observations in the data set.

the 3. Determine the class size (c) by calculating first the preliminary class size (c’)
Preliminary class size c’:

Quantitative Conditions for the actual c:

a. It should have the same number of decimal places as in the raw data.

FDT
b. It should be odd in the last digit.
4. Enumerate the classes or categories.
5. Tally the observations.
6. Compute for values in other columns of the FDT as deemed necessary.
  
Other columns in FDT 3. Relative Frequency (RF) – the proportion of observations
falling in a class and is expressed in percentage.

  True Class Boundaries (TCB)

1.  
a. Lower True Class Boundaries (LTCB): 4. Cumulative Frequency (CF) – accumulated frequency of the
classes.
a. Less than CF (<CF) - total number of observations whose values
do not exceed the upper limit of class.
b. Upper True Class Boundaries (UTCB):
b. Greater than CF (>CF) – total number of observations whose
values are not less than the lower limit of the class.
   
5. Relative Cumulative Frequency (RCF)
2. Class Mark (CM) – midpoint of the class a. Less than RCF (<RCF)
interval where the observations tend to b. Greater than RCF (>RCF)
cluster about.
Let us do this

Example: Construct the FDT of the given data set.

Age (in years) of 40 patients confined at a certain hospital.
5 15 23 27 33 38 44 52 10 20 25 31 35 5 15 24 30 33 40 45 53
42
50 57 13 21 7 20 25 31 34 42 45
55 26 32 36 43 51 57
 GRAPHS AND CHARTS

There are information or data that can be presented better by using graphs, charts,
figures, pictures, and the likes.
 
A graph or a chart is a device for showing numerical values or relationships in
pictorial form

Advantages:
1. main features and implications of a body of data can be seen at once
2. can attract attention and hold the reader’s interest
3. simplifies concepts that would otherwise have been expressed in so
many words
4. can readily clarify data, frequently bring out hidden facts and
relationships.
 Qualities of a Good
Graph:
GRAPHS
AND
• It is accurate.
CHARTS • It is clear.
• It is simple.
• It has a good appearance.
Common Types of Graph
Line Chart
Line Chart – graphical
presentation of data especially
useful for showing trends over
a period of time.

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/javafx/user-interface-tutorial/img/line-sample.png
Scatter
Graph
Is a graph used to present measurements
or values that are thought to be related.

In this example, the study time and

math grade are presented for possible
relationship. It forms a line that inclines
to the right, which implies a positive
relationship. The more time a student
devotes in studying, the higher the grade
in math can be achieved.
 PIE CHART
Pie Chart- a circular graph that is
useful in showing how a total
quantity is distributed among a
group of categories. The “pieces of
pie” represent the proportions of the
total that fall into each category.

https://www.advsofteng.com/doc/cdnetdoc/threedpie.htm
COLUMN
AND BAR
GRAPH
Column and Bar Graph- like
pie charts, column charts and
bar charts are applicable only to
grouped data. They should be
used for discrete, grouped data
of ordinal or nominal scale.

https://www.visme.co/templates/infographics/largest-companies-of-2019-by-revenue-b
ar-graph-1425280738/
Graphical Presentation of the
Frequency Distribution Table
Frequency
Histogram
Frequency Histogram – a bar
graph that displays the classes
on the horizontal axis and the
frequencies of the classes on the
vertical axis.

https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat500/book/export/html/539
 Frequency
Polygon
Frequency Polygon- a line chart
that is constructed by plotting the
frequencies at the class marks and
connecting the plotted points by
means of straight lines.

https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths/statistics/frequency-polygon/
 OGIVES
1. Ogives- graphs of the cumulative
frequency distribution
a. <Ogive- the <CF is plotted
against the UTCB
b. >Ogive- the >CF is plotted
against the LTCB

https://www.aplustopper.com/cumulative-frequency-curve-ogive-statistics/
Practice Exercise 2.3
Direction: Answertheproblemsasindicated.

1. A survey taken at a hotel in Malate indicated that 40 employees report to their respective works via the following modes of
transportation:
car car bus plane train bus bus plane car plane plane
bus plane car car train train car car car car plane
plane car bus car bus car plane car plane plane car
car car bus train car bus car
Construct a categorical distribution showing the frequencies corresponding to the different modes of transportation. Interpret
the results.

2. The following are the body weights (in grams) of 50 rats used in a study of vitamin deficiencies:
136 92 115 118 121 137 132 120 104 129
125 119 115 101 129 87 108 110 133 124
135 126 127 103 110 126 118 82 104 113
137 120 95 146 126 119 119 105 132 95
126 118 100 113 106 125 117 102 146 148

Construct the FDT of the given data set and write a brief report about it.
Practice Exercise 2.3
Direction: Answertheproblemsasindicated.

3. Construct a graph for the given FDT and write a brief interpretation.
◦ Table 1.6 The 2019 Purchases by A Car Rental Agency

CAR MAKER NUMBER OF PURCHASES

Chevrolet Cavalier 45
Ford Mustang 30
Ford Taurus 60
Pontiac Grand Am 15
Toyota Camry 30
 SUPPLEMENTAL VIDEOS FOR Module 2 – Lesson 2.1
 

To know more about data collection and presentation, you may check the following links:
 
1. Supplemental video about different types of graphs:
 
https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DuHRqkGXX55I
%26feature%3Dshare%26fbclid%3DIwAR3u_X5_f31r2v6baDZo6Bc4RqId0xhCV573A3aHLHUSCdCtRk
n0aeH9-Og&h=AT2CxgYdKThdgcoWKfGI9iG8AZMorVucfnS3kvf22C5YLwjhVfbnXS4GnXekg_BPfEM
6wEcq1WCtUEfklEf4I5WI_huKOMrmv-Ix9IX14UjcCcuMaEVw8qeNB3uo8WjMdw

2. Charts in excel: https://youtu.be/TfkNkrKMF5c

3. Pivot tables and charts in excel: https://youtu.be/9NUjHBNWe9M

Answer to Practice Exercises

1.

Table 1. Frequency Distribution of the means of transportation preferred by the guests in a hotel in Makati

Interpretation: Most of the employees report to work by means of car corresponding to 45% of the total number of respondents. On the
other hand, the least of the respondents prefer train, corresponding to only 10% of the total respondents.
 Answer to Practice Exercises

2.

Interpretation: Most of the rats used in the experiment are weighing between 115-125 grams, corresponding to 30% of the total
number of rats. While the least of the rats is between 148-158 grams. The average weight of most of the rats is 120 grams.
 Answer to Practice Exercises

3.

Interpretation: The most purchased car in 2019 is Ford Taurus (33%) and the least purchased car is
Pontiac Grand An (8%).
References
Anderson DR, Sweeney DJ. 2018. Statistics for Business and Economics. Boston: MA: Cengage Learning.
Anderson DR, Sweeney DJ. 2016. Essentials of Modern Business Statistics with Microsoft Excel. Boston: MA: Cengage
Learning.
Anderson DR, Stamford CT, Sweeney DJ, Williams TA. 2015. Modern Business Statistics with Microsoft Office Excel.
Cengage Learning.
Reyes, C. and Saren, L. ELEMENTARY STATISTICS TEXT/WORKBOOK. National Bookstore, Mandaluyong City
Walpole, R. PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS. NY: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc