TWO PORT

NETWORKS
What is the type of filter shown in the figure?

a) Low pass filter

b) High pass filter
c) Band pass filter
d) All pass filter
SUB - TOPICS
 Z – PARAMETER
 Y – PARAMETER
 T (ABCD) – PARAMETER
 TERMINATED TWO PORT NETWORKS
 TWO – PORT NETWORKS
A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave
a network is known as a port.
Two terminal devices or elements (such as resistors, capacitors,
and inductors) results in one – port network.
Most of the circuits we have dealt with so far are two –
terminal or one – port circuits.
A two – port network is an electrical network with two separate
ports for input and output.
It has two terminal pairs acting as access points. The current
entering one terminal of a pair leaves the other terminal in
the pair.
 I

+
Linear network
-
V

I
One – port network
I1 I2

+
+
Linear network V2
V1
-
-

I1 I2
Two – port network
Two (2) reason why to study two port – network:
Such networks are useful in communication, control system,
power systems and electronics.

Knowing the parameters of a two – port network enables us to

treat it as a “black box” when embedded within a larger
network.
From the network, we can observe that there are 4 variables
that is I1, I2, V1and V2, which two are independent.
The various term that relate these voltages and currents are
called parameters.
Z – PARAMETER
Z – parameter also called as impedance parameter and
the units is ohm (Ω)
Impedance parameters is commonly used in the synthesis
of filters and also useful in the design and analysis of
impedance matching networks and power distribution
networks.
The two – port network may be voltage – driven or
current – driven.
Two – port network driven by voltage source.

I1 I2

V1 + Linear network +
  V2

Two – port network driven by current sources.

+ +
I1 V1 Linear network V2 I2
- -
The “black box” is replace with Z-parameter is as shown
below.
I1 I2

+ Z11 Z12 +
V1 V2
- -
Z21 Z22

The terminal voltage can be related to the terminal

current as:
V1  z 11 I1  z12I 2 (1)

V2  z21 I1  z22 I 2 (2)

In matrix form as:

V1   z11 z12  I1 

V2    z 21 z 22 
I 2 
 that we want to determine are z
The Z-parameter 11 , z12, z21, z22.
The value of the parameters can be evaluated by setting:
1. I1= 0 (input port open – circuited)
2. I2= 0 (output port open – circuited)
 Where;
Thus, z11 = open – circuit
input
V V impedance.
z11  z12 1
I 1I z12 = open – circuit
1 1 I2 0 2 I1 transfer
impedance from
0 port 1 to port 2.
V2 V2
z21 z22 z21 = open – circuit
I1 I2 transfer
 I2 0  I1 0 impedance
from port 2
to port 1. z22
= open – circuit
output impedance.
Which is the correct condition of
symmetry observed in z-parameters?

a. z11 = z22
b. z11 = z12
c. z12 = z22
d. z12 = z21
 SOLUTION
i) I2 = 0(open circuit port 2). Redraw the circuit.

I1 Ia
V1  120I b .......1() V2  240I a .......(3)
+ +
240Ω 280 120
I b  400 I 1......(2) I a  400 I 1.......(4)
V1 Ib 120Ω V2 sub(1)  sub (4) 
(2) (3)
_  Z21  V2  72
_  Z11  V1  84 I1
I1

40Ω
 ii) I1 = 0 (open circuit port 1). Redraw the circuit.
Iy I2
V2  240I x .......1() V1  120Iy .......(3)
+ +
240
160
I x  400 I 2.......(2) I y  I 2 .......(4)
V1 240Ω V2 400
120Ω Ix sub(1)  sub (4) 
_ _ (2) (3)
 Z 22  V2  96  12 V1  72
I2  I
Z 2
40Ω

84
Z  72 
In matrix form: 72 96
If the two ports are connected in cascade
configuration, then which arithmetic operation
should be performed between the individual
transmission parameters in order to determine
overall transmission parameters?

a. Addition
b. Subtraction
c. Multiplication
d. Division
Y - PARAMETER

Y – parameter also called admittance parameter and

the units is siemens (S).
The “black box” that we want to replace with the Y-
parameter is shown below.

I1 I2

+ Y11 Y12 +
V1 V2
- -
Y21 Y22
The terminal current can be expressed in term of
terminal voltage as:

I 1  y11V1  y12V2 (1)

I 2  y21V1  y 22 V 2 (2)

In matrix form:

 I1   y11 y12 V1 


I 2   21 y22 
V 2 

y
The y-parameter that we want to determine are Y11, Y12, Y21, Y22.
The values of the parameters can be evaluate by setting:
i) V1 = 0 (input port short – circuited).
ii) V2 = 0 (output port short – circuited).

Thus;
I1
Y11 I1 Y12 
 V V2
1 V2 0 V1  0

Y 21  I 2 Y 22  I 2
V1 V2 0
V2 V1  0
 EXAMPLE

Find the Y – parameter of the circuit

shown below.
5Ω
I1 I2
+ +

V1 20Ω 15Ω V2

_ _
SOLUTION V 1  2 0 I a .......1()
i) V2 = 0 5
I a  2 5 I 1 .......(2)
5Ω I2 sub (1)  (2)
I1
+
 Y1 1  I 1 1
V1  4 S
V1 20Ω
Ia
V1  5I 2
_
1
Y21  I 2   S
V1 5
ii) V1 = 0 V 2  15I x .......
I1 5Ω
I2 (3)
5 2
+ I  25 I .......(4)
x

15Ω Ix sub(3)  (4)

V2 I2 4
Y 2 2   S
_ V2 15
In matrix form;
V 2  5I 1
1
 1  1   Y12  I 1   S
 V2 5
Y    4 5 S
1 4 
  5 15 
 H - PARAMETER
In these network there are four parameters called the hybrid
parameters or H-parameters, one is measured in terms of ohm,
one in mho and other two are dimension less. Since these
parameters has mixed dimensions, so they are called as hybrid
parameters.
The “black box” that we want to replace with T – parameter is
as
shown below.
V1  h11I1  h12V2 h11 = Short-circuit input
impedance
I2  h21I1  h22V2
h12 = Open-circuit reverse
voltage gain
V1  h11 h12  I1   I1 
I 
    h  
h h22  V2 V2  h21current
= Short-circuit
2  21 gain
forward
11  V1
h ,  h12  1

V h22 = Open-circuit
I V output
admittance
1 V2 0 2 I10

h 21  I2 , h 22  I2
I V
1 V2 0 2 I10
T (ABCD) PARAMETER
T – parameter or ABCD – parameter is a another set of
parameters relates the variables at the input port to
those at the output port.
T – parameter also called transmission parameters because
this parameter are useful in the analysis of transmission
lines because they express sending – end variables (V1
and I1) in terms of the receiving – end variables (V2 and -
I2).
The “black box” that we want to replace with T –
parameter is as shown below.

I1 I2

+ A11 B12 +
V1 V2
- -
C21 D22

V1  AV 2  BI 2 .......1()
The equation is:
I 1  CV 2  DI 2 .......(2)
In matrix form is:


V1   A B  V2
 I 1   C D  I 2

The T – parameter that we want determine are A, B, C and D
where A and D are dimensionless, B is in ohm (Ω) and C is in
siemens (S).
The values can be evaluated by setting
i) I2 = 0 (input port open – circuit)
ii) V2 = 0 (output port short circuit)
Thus;

V V
A  V 21 B  I 12
I2 0 V2 0

C D 
V2 I 0
 I
In term of the transmissi2on parameter,
I1 a2 ork is reciprocal if;
V2 0

netw
I1

AD - BC
1
EXAMPLE
Find the ABCD – parameter of the circuit
shown below.

I1 2Ω 4Ω I2

+ +

V1 10Ω V2

_ _
SOLUTION V2  10I1

I1
i) I2 = 0,
C  V2 
0.1S
V1  2I1  V2
I1 2Ω
6
V1  22   V2  5 V2
V
+ +
 10
V1 10Ω V2

V1 
_ _  A  V2
1.2
ii) V2 = 10
I 2   14 I1
0,
I1 2Ω 4Ω I2
 D   I1 
I
2 1.4
+
V1  2I 1  1 0 I 1  I 2
V1  12 I1  10 I 2
V1 10Ω
I1 + I2
_  14 
V1  12  I 2   10 I 2
 10 
6.8
1.2
T     B I 
V1

0.1 1.4
2
6.8