By

Kiramat Rahman
Department of Computer & Software Technology

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
OUTLINE
 Input / Output (I/O) devices
 Commonly used input devices
 Commonly used output devices
 Other concepts related to I/O devices
I/O DEVICES

 Provide means of communication between a computer

and outer world
 Also known as peripheral devices because they
surround the CPU and memory of a computer system
 Input devices are used to enter data from the outside
world into primary storage
 Output devices supply results of processing from
primary storage to users
ROLE OFF I/O DEVICES
COMMONLY USED INPUT DEVICES
 Keyboard devices
 Point-and-draw devices
 Data scanning devices
 Digitizer
 Electronic cards based devices
 Speech recognition devices
 Vision based devices
KEYBOARD DEVIICES
§

 Allow data entry into a computer system by

pressing a set of keys (labeled buttons) neatly
mounted on a keyboard connected to a computer
system
 101-keys QWERTY keyboard is most popular
THE LAYOUT OF KEYS ON A
QWERTY KEYBOARD
POINT--AND--DRAW DEVICES
 Used to rapidly point to and select a graphic icon or
 menu item from multiple options displayed on the
 Graphical User Interface (GUI) of a screen
 Used to create graphic elements on the screen such as
 lines, curves, and freehand shapes
 Some commonly used point-and-draw devices are
 mouse, track ball, joy stick, light pen, and touch screen
MOUSE
 Commonly used in personal computers and work stations
 Trackball
 Commonly used in laptop (notebook) computers
 Joystick
 Commonly used for video games, flight simulators,
 training simulators, and for controlling industrial robots

 ELECT TRONIC PEN
 Pen-based point-and-draw device
 Used to directly point with it on the screen to select
menu items or icons or directly draw graphics on the
screen
 Can write with it on a special pad for direct input of
 written information to a system
 Pressure on tip of a side button is used to cause same
 action as right-button-click of a mouse
TOUCH SCREEN

 Most simple, intuitive, and easiest to learn of all input

 devices
 Enables users to choose from available options by
simply
 touching with their finger the desired icon or menu item
 displayed on the screen
 Most preferred human-computer interface used in
 information kiosks (unattended interactive information
 systems such as automatic teller machine or ATM)
DATA SCANNING DEVICES
 Input devices that enable direct data entry into a computer
 system from source documents
 Eliminate the need to key in text data into the computer
 Due to reduced human effort in data entry, they improve
data accuracy and also increase the timeliness of the
information processed
 Demand high quality of input documents
 Some data scanning devices are also capable of recognizing
 marks or characters
 Form design and ink specification usually becomes more
 critical for accuracy
IMAGE SCANNER
 Input device that translates paper documents into
an electronic format for storage in a computer
 Electronic format of a scanned image is its bit
map representation
 Stored image can be altered or manipulated with
an image-processing software
TWO COMMON TYPES OFF IMAGE SCANNERS

 A flat-bed scanner
 A hand-held scanner
OPTICAL CHARACTER
RECOGNITION (OCR) DEVICE

 Scanner equipped with a character recognition software

 (called OCR software) that converts the bit map images
 of characters to equivalent ASCII codes
 Enables word processing of input text and also requires
 less storage for storing the document as text rather than
 an image
 OCR software is extremely complex because it is difficult
 to make a computer recognize an unlimited number of
 typefaces and fonts
 Two standard OCR fonts are OCR-A (American standard)
 and OCR-B (European standard)
OPTICAL MARK READER (OMR)
 Scanner capable of recognizing a pre-specified type of
 mark by pencil or pen
 Very useful for grading tests with objective type
 questions, or for any input data that is of a choice or
 selection nature
 Technique used for recognition of marks involves
focusing a light on the page being scanned and
detecting the reflected light pattern from the marks
BAR--CODE READER
 Scanner used for reading (decoding) bar-coded data
 Bar codes represent alpha numeric data by a
 combination of adjacent vertical lines (bars) by
varying their width and the spacing between them
 Scanner uses laser-beam to stroke across pattern
 of bar code.
 Different patterns of bars reflect the beam in different ways
sensed by a light-sensitive detector
 Universal Product Code (UPC) is the most widely known bar
coding system
MAGNETIC--INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MIICR)

 MICR is used by banking industry for faster processing

 of large volume of cheques
 Bank’s identification code (name, branch, etc.), account
number and cheque number are pre-printed (encoded)
 using characters from a special character set on all cheques
 Special ink is used that contains magnetizable particles
 of iron oxide
 MICR reader-sorter reads data on cheques and sorts
them for distribution to other banks or for further
processing
MIICR CHARACTER SETT (E13B FONT)
DIGITIZER
 Input device used for converting (digitizing) pictures,
 maps and drawings into digital form for storage in
 computers
 Commonly used in the area of Computer Aided
 Design (CAD) by architects and engineers to design
 cars, buildings medical devices, robots, mechanical
 parts, etc.
 Used in the area of Geographical Information System
 (GIS) for digitizing maps available in paper form
ELECTRONIC--CARD READER
 Electronic cards are small plastic cards having encoded
 data appropriate for the application for which they are
 used
 Electronic-card reader (normally connected to a
 computer) is used to read data encoded on an
 electronic card and transfer it to the computer for
 further processing
 Used together as a means of direct data entry into a
 computer system
 Used by banks for use in automatic teller machines
 (ATMs) and by organizations for controlling access of
 employees to physically secured areas
SPEECH RECOGNITION DEVICES
 Input device that allows a person to input data to
a computer system by speaking to it
 Today’s speech recognition systems are limited to
accepting few words within a relatively small
domain and can be used to enter only limited
kinds and quantities of data
TYPES OFF SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEMS

 Single word recognition systems can recognize only a

 single spoken words, such as YES, NO, MOVE, STOP, at
 a time. Speaker-independent systems are mostly of
 this type
 Continuous speech recognition systems can recognize
 spoken sentences, such as MOVE TO THE NEXT
 BLOCK. Such systems are normally speakerdependent
USES OFF SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEMS
 For inputting data to a computer system by a person in
 situations where his/her hands are busy, or his/her eyes
 must be fixed on a measuring instrument or some other
 object
 For data input by dictation of long text or passage for
 later editing and review
 For authentication of a user by a computer system based
 on voice input
 For limited use of computers by individuals with physical
 disabilities
VISION--INPUT SYSTEMS
 Allow computer to accept input just by seeing an
object.
 Input data is normally an object’s shape and
features in the form of an image
 Mainly used today in factories for designing
industrial robots that are used for quality-control
and assembly processes
COMMONLY USED OUTPUT DEVICES
 Monitors
 Printers
 Plotters
 Screen image projector
 Voice response systems
TYPES OFF OUTPUT

 Soft-copy output
 Not produced on a paper or some material that can be touched
and carried for being shown to others
 Temporary in nature and vanish after use
 Examples are output displayed on a terminal screen or spoken out
 by a voice response system
 Hard-copy output
 Produced on a paper or some material that can be touched and
 carried for being shown to others
 Permanent in nature and can be kept in paper files or can be
 looked at a later time when the person is not using the computer
 Examples are output produced by printers or plotters on paper
MONITORS

 Monitors are the most popular output devices

used for producing soft-copy output
 Display the output on a television like screen
 Monitor associated with a keyboard is called a
video display terminal (VDT).
 It is the most popular I/O device
TYPES OFF MONIITTORS
 Cathode-ray-tube (CRT) monitors look like a television
 and are normally used with non-portable computer
 systems
 Flat-panel monitors are thinner and lighter and are
 commonly used with portable computer systems like
 notebook computers. Now they are also used with
nonportable desktop computer systems because they
 occupy less table space.
PRINTERS

 Most common output devices for producing hard-

copy output.
DOT--MATRIX PRINTERS

 Character printers that form characters and all kinds of

 images as a pattern of dots
 Print many special characters, different sizes of print and
 graphics such as charts and graphs
 Impact printers can be used for generating multiple copies
 by using carbon paper or its equivalent
 Slow, with speeds usually ranging between 30 to 600
 characters per second
 Cheap in both initial cost and cost of operation
FORMATION OFF CHARACTERS ASS A PATTERN OFF DOTS
A DOT MATRIX PRINTER
INKJET PRINTERS

 Character printers that form characters and all kinds of

 images by spraying small drops of ink on to the paper
 Print head contains up to 64 tiny nozzles that can be
 selectively heated up in a few micro seconds by an
 integrated circuit register
 To print a character, the printer selectively heats the
 appropriate set of nozzles as the print head moves
 horizontally
 Can print many special characters, different sizes of print, and
graphics such as charts and graphs
 Non-impact printers. Hence, they cannot produce
 multiple copies of a document in a single printing
 Can be both monochrome and color
 Slower than dot-matrix printers with speeds
usually
 ranging between 40 to 300 characters per second
 More expensive than a dot-matrix printer
AN INKJET PRINTERS
DRUM PRIINTTERS

 Line printers that print one line at a time

 Have a solid cylindrical drum with characters embossed
 on its surface in the form of circular bands
 Set of hammers mounted in front of the drum in such a
 manner that an inked ribbon and paper can be placed
 between the hammers and the drum
 Can only print a pre-defined set of characters in a predefined
 style that is embossed on the drum
 Impact printers and usually monochrome
 Typical speeds are in the range of 300 to 2000 lines per
 minute
PRINTING MECHANISM OFF A DRUM PRINTER
CHAIN/BAND PRINTERS

 Line printers that print one line at a time

 Consist of a metallic chain/band on which all
 characters of the character set supported by the
 printer are embossed
 Also have a set of hammers mounted in front of
 the chain/band in such a manner that an inked
 ribbon and paper can be placed between the
 hammers and the chain/band
 Can only print pre-defined sets of characters that
 are embossed on the chain/band used with the
 printer
 § Cannot print any shape of characters, different
 sizes of print, and graphics such as charts and
 graphs
 Are impact printers and can be used for generating
 multiple copies by using carbon paper or its
 equivalent
 Are usually monochrome
 Typical speeds are in the range of 400 to 3000
 lines per minute
LASER PRINTERS

 Page printers that print one page at a time

 Consist of a laser beam source, a multi-sided mirror, a
 photoconductive drum and toner (tiny particles of oppositely
 charged ink)
 To print a page, the laser beam is focused on the electro
 statically charged drum by the spinning multi-sided mirror
 Toner sticks to the drum in the places the laser beam has
 charged the drum’s surface.
 Toner is then permanently fused on the paper with heat and
 pressure to generate the printer output
 Laser printers produce very high quality output having
 resolutions in the range of 600 to 1200 dpi
 Can print many special characters, different sizes of
 print, and graphics such as charts and graphs
 Are non-impact printers
 Most laser printers are monochrome, but color laser
 printers are also available
 Low speed laser printers can print 4 to 12 pages per
 minute. Very high-speed laser printers can print 500
 to 1000 pages per minute
 More expensive than other printers
PLOTTERS

 Plotters are an ideal output device for architects,

 engineers, city planners, and others who need to
 routinely generate high-precision, hard-copy graphic
 output of widely varying sizes
 Two commonly used types of plotters are:
 – Drum plotter, in which the paper on which the
 design has to be made is placed over a drum that
 can rotate in both clockwise and anti-clockwise
 directions
 – Flatbed plotter, in which the paper on which the
 design has to be made is spread and fixed over a
 rectangular flatbed table
A DRUM PLOTTER
A FLATBED PLOTTER
SCREEN IMAGE PROJECTOR

 An output device that can be directly plugged to a

 computer system for projecting information from a
 computer on to a large screen
 Useful for making presentations to a group of people
 with direct use of a computer
 Full-fledged multimedia presentation with audio,
 video, image, and animation can be prepared and
 made using this facility
VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEMS

 Voice response system enables a computer to

talk to a user
 Has an audio-response device that produces
audio output
 Such systems are of two types:
 Voice reproduction systems
 Speech synthesizers
VOICE REPRODUCTION SYSTEMS

 Produce audio output by selecting an appropriate

 audio output from a set of pre-recorded audio
 responses
 Applications include audio help for guiding how
 to operate a system, automatic answering
 machines, video games, etc.
SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

 Converts text information into spoken sentences

 Used for applications such as:
 Reading out text information to blind persons
 Allowing those persons who cannot speak to
 communicate effectively
 Translating an entered text into spoken words in
 a selected language
Q&A