BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS - III

TOPIC :-  SURFACE (WALL) FINISHING

 PAINTING AND POLISHING

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

AR. RAJESH KUMAR • SYEDA HASAN ALVI

KHANNA • CHINMAYI PANDEY
AR. ABHISEK SINGH • JAISWAR VISHAL
BIKRAMAJIT
• MOHD IZHAR
 PLASTERING

DEFINITION OF PLASTERING :-
 THE WORD “PLASTER” COMES FROM THE GREEK LANGUAGE

 MEANING “TO DAUB ON”.

 THIS IS THE PROCESS OF COVERING ROUGH SURFACES WITH A PLASTIC MATERIAL TO OBTAIN AN
EVEN, SMOOTH, REGULAR, CLEAN & DURABLE SURFACES.
 ON THE OTHER HAND WE SAY THAT; A MIXTURE OF LIME OR GYPSUM, SAND AND WATER, SOMETIMES
WITH FIBER ADDED, THAT HARDEN TO A SMOOTH SOLID AND USED FOR COATING WALLS AND
CEILINGS.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD PLASTERING :

1. SHOULD BE FIRE AND SOUND PROOF.
2. SHOULD PROVIDE A SMOOTH, NON
ABSORBENT AND
WASHABLE SURFACE
3. SHOULD ADHERE TO THE SURFACES FIRMLY .
4. SHOULD BE WEATHER PROOF
.
5. SHOULD BE FREE FROM VOLUMETRIC
CHANGES WHILE SETTING
TYPES
AND OF PLASTERING :
DRYING.
6. SHOULD
THERE BE HARD
ARE AND DURABLE.
SEVERAL DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLASTER
SUCH AS:
(a) LIME PLASTER
(b) CEMENT PLASTER
(c) MUD PLASTER
(d) STUCCO PLASTER
PLASTERING
LIME PLASTER :-
 LIME USED IN PLASTERING MAY BE FAT LIME AND HYDRAULIC
LIME.
 FAT LIME MAKES BEST PLASTER AS THEY YIELDS GOOD
PUTTY AFTER SLAKING, HYDRAULIC LIME YIELDS HARDER
AND STRONGER PLASTER, BUT IT MAY UNSLAKED PARTICLES
WHICH MAY SLAKE SLOWLY.
 AS A PRECAUTIONS THE HYDRAULIC LIME, IF USED, SHOULD
BE GROUND DRY WITH SAND; LEFT FOR ABOUT 2 OR 3 WEEKS
AND THEN REGROUND BEFORE USE.
 MORTAR FOR LIME PLASTER IS USUALLY PREPARED BY MIXING
SAND AND LIME IN EQUAL PROPORTIONS. CEMENT IN SMALL
QUANTITY IS SOMETIMES TO THE MIXTURE TO IMPROVE ITS
STRENGTH.
LIME PLASTER

CEMENT PLASTER :-

 CEMENT PLASTER IS USUALLY APPLIED IN ONE COAT.

 THE THICKNESS OF THE COAT CAN BE 12MM, 15MM OR
20MM DEPENDING UPON THE SITE CONDITIONS AND TYPE
OF BUILDING.
 SOMETIMES, WHEN THE THICKNESS OF PLASTER IS MORE
THAN 15MM OR WHEN IT IS DESIRED TO HAVE A FINER FINISH,
PLASTER IS APPLIED IN TWO COATS.
 IT IS ESPECIALLY SUITED FOR DAMP CONDITION.
 6MM THICKNESS OF CEMENT PLASTER AND CEMENT MORTAR
1:3 OR 1:4 IS RECOMMENDED FOR CEMENT PLASTERING ON
RCC SURFACES. CEMENT PLASTER
 PROCEDURE OF CEMENT PLASTERING :-
AVERAGE THICKNESS OF CEMENT PLASTERING IS 12-15MM.
CLEAN THE SURFACE WITH WATER AND IS KEPT WET TILL APPLYING PLASTER.
PRELIMINARY COAT IS APPLIED ON THE SURFACE TO FILL UP HOLLOW PORTION OF MASONRY.
FIRST COAT IS APPLIED WITH A THICKNESS OF 9-10MM.
SECOND COAT IS APPLIED AFTER 6HRS AND THICKNESS OF SECOND COAT IS 10MM.
SURFACE IS POLISHED WITH A TROWEL.
THIRD COAT IF REQUIRED IS APPLIED WITH MAXIMUM THICKNESS 3MM.
COMPLETED PLASTER IS ALLOWED TO REST FOR 24HRS AND WELL WATERED FOR AT LEAST ONE
WEEK.
SLOW SETTING UNDER HIGHER HUMIDITY IMPROVES THE STRENGTH OF PLASTER

MUD PLASTER :-

 THE SURFACE TO BE PLASTERED IS PREPARE EXACTLY IN THE

SAME MANNER AS THAT FOR LIME OR CEMENT PLASTER.
 MUD TO BE USED IN PLASTERING SHOULD BE MADE FROM
EARTH FREE FROM GRASS ROOTS, GRAVEL, STONE GRIT ETC.
 MUD PLASTER IS GENERALLY APPLIED IN TWO COATS.
 THE FIRST COAT BEING 18MM THICK WHILE THE THICKNESS OF
THE SECOND COAT IS KEPT 6MM.
 THE PLASTER IS DASHED AGAINST THE WALL AND WORKED WITH
A STRAIGHT EDGE AND FLOAT.
 THE SECOND COAT IS APPLIED ONLY WHEN THE FIRST COAT HAS
SET(NOT DRY). MUD PLASTER
STUCCO PLASTER :-
 STUCCO IS THE NAME GIVEN TO A DECORATIVE TYPE OF
PLASTER WHICH GIVES AN EXCELLENT FINISH.
 STUCCO PLASTER CAN BE USED FOR INTERIOR AS WELL AS
EXTERIOR SURFACES.
 IT IS USUALLY LAID IN THREE COATS MAKING THE
TOTAL THICKNESS OF THE PLASTER TO ABOUT 25MM.
 THE FIRST COAT IS CALLED THE SCRATCH COAT; THE
SECOND A FINER COAT OR BROWN COAT AND THE THIRD IS
CALLED THE WHITE COAT OR FINISHING COAT.

STUCCO PLASTER

PLASTERING MATERIALS : MIXING OF PLASTERING MATERIALS:

CEMENT
FINE AGGRIGATES WATER
TOOLS USED IN PLASTERING :-
1. STEEL TROWEL
2. WOODEN FLOAT
3. STEEL TROWEL
4. METAL FLOAT

DEFECTS IN PLASTER WORK :-

 CRACKING
 EFFLORESCENCE
 FALLING OUT OF PLASTER
 BLOWING OF PLASTER

CRACKING:-
 OLD SURFACE NOT BEING PROPERLY
PREPARED.
MOVEMENT IN THE BACKING EITHER ON ACCOUNT DUE TO
SHRINKAGE CAUSED BY THE DRYING OF THE BACKING
MATERIAL.
EXCESSIVE SHRINKAGE OF PLASTER DUE TO THE APPLICATION
OF MORTAR IN THICK COATS CRACKS
EFFLORESCENCE :-
 IT IS SOLVABLE SALT ARE PRESENT IN BRICKS OR THE MORTAR THEY
ABSORB MOISTURE.
 FROM ATMOSPHERE AND GO IN TO SOLUTION WHICH APPEARS ON
THE SURFACE IN THE FORM OF WHITISH SUBSTANCE AS THE
MOISTURE DRIES OUT AND THE SALTS CRYSTALLIZE.
 REMOVE OF EFFLORESCENCE BY APPLYING A SOLUTION ZINC
EFFLORESCENCE
SULPHET AND WATER AND BRUSHING OFF THE SURFACE WHEN
DRY.
FALLING OUT OF PLASTER :-
THE ADHESION OF THE PLASTER TO THE BACK GROUND MAY NOT BE
PERFECT.
THE SUCTION OF THE BACKING MATERIALS MAY NOT BE UNIFORM.
EXCESSIVE THERMAL CHANGES IN PLASTER.
FALLING OUT OF PLASTER
BLOWING OF PLASTER :-
THE ADHESION OF THE PLASTER TO THE BACK GROUND MAY NOT BE
PERFECT.
THE SUCTION OF THE BACKING MATERIALS MAY NOT BE UNIFORM.
EXCESSIVE THERMAL CHANGES IN PLASTER.

BLOWING OF PLASTER
ADVANTAGES OF PLASTERING :- DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTERING :-
 EASY IN APPLICATION.  WHEN PLASTER CRACKS THEN
DIFFICULT TO REPAIR.
 NO SURGERY IS REQUIRED.
 REPAIRING IS VERY EXPENSIVE.
 PLASTER IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF
INTERIOR WALL FINISHING.  DESPITE THE EXTRA LABOR OF
HANGING AND FINISHING DRYWALL,
 IF PROPERLY MIXED AND APPLIED , A
IT TENDS TO BE LESS EXPENSIVE
PLASTER COATING CREATES A STRONGER
THAN PLASTERING .
AND MORE DURABLE.
 PROVIDES FACILITIES FOR CLEANING .
 INCREASE DURABILITY TO
THE WORK OF THE
FOUNDATION.
 PROTECT THE BASIC WORK OF
THE CLIMATE ACTION.
 POINTING
 POINTING IS RAKING OUT JOINTS IN BRICK WORK OR IN STONE
MASONRY TO DEPTH ABOUT 13MM AND FILLING THE SAME
WITH MORTAR OF SLIGHTLY RICHER MIX .

PURPOSE :-
 THIS TREATMENT NOT ONLY PROTECTS THE JOINT FROM THE
ADVERSE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERE BUT ALSO MAGNIFIES THE
APPEARANCE OF THE SURFACE BY EXHIBITING THE PATTERN OF
THE JOINTS, THEIR THICKNESS, COLOURS AND TEXTURE
PROMINENTLY.

MORTAR FOR POINTING:-

 POINTING MAY BE DONE BY USING LIME OR CEMENT MORTAR.
 THE MORTAR FOR LIME POINTING IS MADE BY TAKING
EQUAL PART OF FAT LIME AND FINE SAND AND THEN
GRINDING THE MIXTURE THOROUGHLY, IN MORTAR MILL.
 THE MORTAR FOR CEMENT POINTING IS MADE BY MIXING
CEMENT AND SAND IN PROPORTION OF 1:2 OR 1:3.

TYPES OF POINTING :-
POINTING
1. CUT/WEATHERED/STRUCK POINTING
2. V GROOVED POINTING
3. KEYEED/GROOVED POINTING
4. FLUSH POINTING
5. TUCK POINTING
6. BEADED POINTING
 CUT/WEATHERED/STRUCK POINTING :-
 THE MORTAR IS FIRST PRESSED INTO THE RAKED JOINTS. WHILE
THE MORTAR IS STILL GREEN, THE TOP OF THE HORIZONTAL
JOINTS IS NEATLY PRESSED BACK BY 3-6 MM WITH THE POINTING
TOOL. THUS THE JOINT IS FINISHED SLOPING FROM TOP OF THE
JOINT TO ITS BOTTOM. WHEATHER/STRUCK POINTING
V GROOVED POINTING :-
 THIS TYPE OF POINTING IS MADE SIMILAR TO KEYED OR GROOVED
POINTING BY SUITABLY SHAPING THE END OF THE STEEL ROD TO
BE USED FOR FORMING THE GROOVING.

KEYED/GROOVED POINTING:- V GROOVED POINTING

 THE MORTAR IS PRESSED INTO THE RAKED JOINTS AND FINISHED
OFF FLUSH WITH THE FACE OF THE WALL. A GROOVE IS FORMED
BY RUNNING THE BENT END OF A SMALL STEEL ROD (6MM IN
DIAMETER) STRAIGHT ALONG THE CENTRE LINE OF THE JOINTS.
THE VERTICAL JOINTS ARE ALSO FINISHED IN THE SAME MANNER.

FLUSH POINTING :- KEYED/ GROOVED POINTING

 THE MORTAR IS PRESSED INTO THE RAKED JOINTS AND FINISHED
OFF FLUSH WITH THE EDGES OF THE BRICKS OR STONES, SO AS TO
GIVE A SMOOTH APPEARANCE. THE EDGES ARE THEN NEATLY
TRIMMED WITH A TROWEL AND STRAIGHT EDGE..
FLUSH POINTING
TUCK POINTING :-
 HE MORTAR IS FIRST PRESSED IN THE RAKED JOINTS AND THERE
AFTER IT IS FINISHED FLUSH WITH THE FACE OF THE WALL. THE
TOP AND BOTTOM EDGES OF THE JOINTS ARE CUT PARALLEL SO AS
TO HAVE A UNIFORMLY RAISED BAND ABOUT 6MM HIGH AND 10MM
IN WIDTH.
TUCK POINTING
BEADED POINTING :-
 THE MORTAR IS PRESSED IN THE RAKED JOINTS AND
FINISHED OFF FLUSH WITH THE FACE OF THE WALL. A STEEL
ROD HAVING ITS END SUITABLY SHAPED IS RUN STRAIGHT
ALONG THE CENTRE LINE OF JOINTS TO FORM THE BEADING.
BEADED POINTING

JOINTING

 JOINTING IS THE FINISHING OF ALL THE JOINTS AS THE WORK

PROCEEDS. THAT IS, BUILDING A NUMBER OF COURSES THEN
FINISHING THE JOINTS BY USING A POINTING TROWEL OR
JOINTER.

DIFFERENCE B/W POINTING & JOINTING:-

JOINTING POINTING
 JOINTING IS THE FINISH OF THE  POINTING IS THE FINISH GIVEN TO THE JOINTS BY
RAKING OUT TO A DEPTH OF APPROXIMATELY
MORTAR JOINTS BETWEEN BRICKS OR 20MM AND FILLING IN ONE THE FACE WITH A
BLOCKS , IN BRICKWORK OR BLOCK HARD-SETTING CEMENT MORTAR WHICH COULD
WORK THAT IS FINISHED SURFACE. HAVE A COLOR ADDITIVE.
 JOINTING IS EXECUTED AS THE  POINTING IS EXECUTED AS AN OPERATION
BRICKWORK OR BLOCK WORK IS BUILT. SEPARATE FROM BRICKLAYING
 CLADDING
 CLADDING IS THE APPLICATION OF ONE MATERIAL OVER
ANOTHER TO PROVIDE SKIN OR LAYER INTENDED TO CONTROL
THE INFILTRATION OF WEATHER ELEMENTS, OR FOR AESTHETIC
PURPOSES.
PURPOSE:-
 TO ALTER THE APPEARANCE OF THE PROPERTY.
 TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL WEATHERPROOFING & VENTILATION.
 TO MATCH NEW PARTS OF THE BUILDING TO OLD.
 FOR INTERIOR DESIGN AND ACOUSTIC PURPOSE.
 TO DISGUISE EXTERNAL WALL INSULATION.

TYPES OF CLADDING:-
1. WOODEN 2. BRICK 3.METAL 4.VINYL 5. STONE

WOODEN CLADDING :-
APPLICATIONS OF WOODEN CLADDING :-

BRICK CLADDING :-

METAL CLADDING :-
VINYL CLADDING:-

STONE CLADDING:-

ADVANTAGES OF CLADDING:- DISADVANTAGES :-

 LOW MAINTENANCE  COST
 DURABILITY & LONG-LASTING  TIME
RESILIENCE  REPAIR
 SAFETY & PROTECTION
 REDUCES WATER ABSORPTION
 RESISTANCE TO SUNLIGHT, AIR, SOUND
& CHEMICAL POLLUTION
 AESTHETIC VALUE
 SURFACE PREPARATION:-
 MILL SCALE IS FORMED ON THE OUTER SURFACES OF PLATES,
SHEETS OR PROFILES WHEN THEY ARE BEING PRODUCED BY
ROLLING RED HOT IRON OR STEEL BILLETS IN ROLLING MILLS. MILL
SCALE IS BLUISH-BLACK IN COLOR
 COATING PERFORMANCE IS DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY SURFACE
PREPARATION.
 COATING INTEGRITY AND SERVICE LIFE WILL BE REDUCED
BECAUSE OF IMPROPERLY PREPARED SURFACES.
 AS HIGH AS 80% OF ALL COATING FAILURES CAN BE DIRECTLY
ATTRIBUTED TO INADEQUATE SURFACE PREPARATION THAT
AFFECTS COATING ADHESION.
 THE MAJORITY OF PAINTABLE SURFACES ARE CONCRETE,
FERROUS METAL, GALVANIZING AND ALUMINUM.
 THEY ALL REQUIRE PROTECTION TO KEEP THEM FROM
CORRODING IN AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENTS.
 SELECTION OF THE PROPER METHOD FOR SURFACE PREPARATION
DEPENDS ON THE SUBSTRATE, THE ENVIRONMENT, THE COATING SURFACE PREPARETION
SELECTED AND THE EXPECTED SERVICE LIFE OF THE COATING
SYSTEM.
SURFACE CONTAMINANTS :-
MILL SCALE :- THE COMPLETE REMOVAL OF MILL SCALE AND RUST
IS CRITICAL IN ORDER TO LIMIT ITS CORROSIVE PROPERTIES. MILL
SCALE IS GENERALLY FOUND ON NEW STEEL AS A HARD BRITTLE
COATING – IT CONSISTS OF DISTINCT LAYERS OF VARIOUS IRON
OXIDES AND IS FORMED DURING THE HOT ROLLING PROCESS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF STEEL. PAINTING OVER MILL SCALE IS NOT
SATISFACTORY, AS MILL SCALE IS NOT FIRMLY OR PERMANENTLY
BONDED TO THE STEEL. EVENTUALLY THE SCALE WILL LIFT OFF,
CAUSING PAINT COATINGS TO FLAKE AND CORROSION TO OCCUR. MILL SCALLE
 RUST: RUST IS A FORM OF HYDRATED FERRIC OXIDE FORMED BY
THE ACTION OF WATER AND OXYGEN ON IRON AND STEEL
SURFACES AND OCCUPIES A MUCH GREATER VOLUME THAN THE
ORIGINAL STEEL. IT IS FOR THIS REASON THAT RUST FORMING
BENEATH A PAINT LAYER IS ABLE TO RUPTURE A COATING. ALL
AREAS OF RUST SHOULD BE COMPLETELY REMOVED – ANY RUST
REMAINING WILL ACT AS A NUCLEUS FOR FURTHER RUSTING.
RUST
 OIL, GREASE FAT AND PERSPIRATION : OIL, GREASE, FAT
AND PERSPIRATION DEPOSITS CANNOT BE REMOVED BY
MECHANICAL METHODS OF CLEANING. THE SIMPLEST METHOD OF
REMOVAL IS TO USE A SOLVENT EMULSIFIABLE DEGREASER OR
BIODEGRADABLE DETERGENT. APPLY THE DEGREASER LIBERALLY
TO THE CONTAMINATED SURFACE, ALLOW TO STAND FOR A SHORT
TIME, THEN HOSE OFF WITH FRESH WATER.
FAT GREASE
REASON WHY SURFACES MUST BE CLEANED :-
 PREPARE SURFACE FOR SUBSEQUENT PROCESSING, SUCH AS A
COATING APPLICATION OR ADHESIVE BONDING.
 IMPROVE HYGIENE CONDITIONS FOR WORKERS AND CUSTOMERS.
 REMOVE CONTAMINANTS THAT MIGHT CHEMICALLY REACT WITH
THE SURFACE.
 ENHANCE APPEARANCE AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PRODUCT.

METHODS OF SURFACE PREPARATION :-

 DEPENDING UPON CONDITIONS OF THE CONCRETE ONE OR MORE
METHODS OF SURFACE PREPARATION MAY BE REQUIRED. IT IS
COMMON FOR DECONTAMINATION TO PRECEDE MECHANICAL
PREPARATION, AND IF NECESSARY A SECOND DECONTAMINATION TO
FOLLOW :
METHOD OF SURFACE PREPARATION
 PAINTS
 PAINTS ARE USED TO PROTECT METALS, TIMBER, OR PLASTERED
SURFACES FROM THE CORROSIVE EFFECTS OF WEATHER, HEAT,
MOISTURE OR GASES ETC. AND TO IMPROVE THEIR APPEARANCE.
PROPERTIES OF PAINT :-
 THERE ARE A NUMBER OF WAYS TO JUDGE PAINT QUALITY:
1. WEARABILITY 2. COVERING ABILITY 3. EASY OF CLEANING
4. PROTECTION OF THE SUBSTRATE 5. ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
6. AESTHETIC 7. PRACTICAL AND COST EFFECTIVE
COMPOSITION OF PAINTS :-
 FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS OF AN OIL BASED PAINT ARE:
1. BODY 2. VEHICLE 3. PIGMENT 4. THINNER 5. DRYER
BASE:-
 MAKES THE PAINT FILM HARDER AND MORE RESISTANT
TO ABRASION
 REDUCE SHRINKAGE CRACKS ON DRYINGIN WHITE PAINT
►►BODY IS ALSO THE PIGMENT
 COMMONLY USED BASES (BODY) ARE WHITE LEAD, ZINC OXIDE,
IRON OXIDE, METALLIC POWDER SUCH AS AL, CU, BR. PAINTS MORE
OFTEN NAMED AFTER THE BASE AS LEAD PAINT, ZINC PAINT, AND
ALUMINUM PAINT.
 THE BINDER OR RESIN, IS THE ACTUAL FILM FORMING COMPONENT
OF PAINT.
 IT IMPARTS ADHESION, BINDS PIGMENTS TOGETHER, AND THE
STRONGLY INFLUENCES SUCH PROPERTIES AS GLOSS POTENTIAL,
EXTERIOR DURABILITY, FLEXIBILITY AND TOUGHNESS
VEHICLE :-
 OILY LIQUID IN WHICH THE BODY AND PIGMENT ARE
SOLUBLE. THE PAINT TO BE CONVENIENTLY SPREAD OVER THE
 FACILITATES
SURFACE.
 OILS MOST COMMONLY USED AS VEHICALS
 THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE VEHICLE IS TO ADJUST THE
VISCOSITY OF THE PAINT.
 IT IS VOLATILE AND DOES NOT BECOME PART OF THE PAINT FILM.
 IT'S MAIN FUNCTION IS AS THE CARRIER FOR THE NON VOLATILE
COMPONENTS.
 WATER IS THE MAIN VEHICLE FOR WATER BASED PAINTS.
PIGMENT:-
 PIGMENTS ARE MATERIALS WHICH GIVES THE PAINT ITS COLOR. IN
WHITE PAINT THE BODY IS THE PIGMENT. NATURAL PIGMENTS
(NATURAL IRON OXIDES, CHROME OXIDES). SYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
(PHTHALOCYNINES ► COAL TAR DERIVATIVES)
 PIGMENTS IMPART QUALITIES SUCH AS COLOR AND OPACITY
(SOMETIMES INAPPROPRIATELY CALLED 'HIDING'), AND
INFLUENCES PROPERTIES SUCH AS GLOSS, FILM FLOW, AND
PROTECTIVE ABILITIES.
THINNER:-
 LIQUID THINNER IS ADDED IN THE PAINT TO
 INCREASES FLUIDITY
 MAKING PAINT MORE SMOOTH
 HELP PENETRATION INTO POROUS SURFACES
 COMMON THINNER ► TURPENTINE (MADE BY DISTILLING GUM
FROM A NUMBER OF PINE TREES)
DRYERS:-
 ADDED TO QUICKEN THE DRYINGOF VEHICLE
 ORGANIC SALTS OF IRON, ZINC, LEAD, MANGANESE, CA
 TO ACCELERATE THE OXIDATION AND HARDENING OF VEHICLE
DEFECTS IN PAINTING:-
FADING:-
 THE GRADUAL LOSS OF COLOR IS KNOWN AS FADING. THIS MAY
BE DUE TO THE EFFECT OF SUN RAYS.
FLAKING OR PEELING:-
 DUE TO THE POOR ADHESION, PAINT MAY PEEL OFF FROM THE
SURFACE.
BLISTERING:-
 THIS IS CAUSED BY WATER VAPOUR, WHICH IS TRAPPED BEHIND
THE PAINTED SURFACE. IT MAY OCCUR DUE TO IMPERFECT
SEASONING OF TIMBER.
BLOOM:-
● THE FORMATION OF DULL PATCHES ON THE FINISHED SURFACE IS
KNOWN AS BLOOM. IT MAY OCCUR DUE TO BAD VENTILATION OR
DEFECTIVE PAINT.
RUNNING:-
● THE PAINT RUNS BACK AND LEAVES SOME AREAS OF SURFACE UN
COVERED. THIS DEFECT OCCURS WHEN SURFACE IS TOO THICKLY
PAINTED SAGGING WILL OCCUR.
WRINKLING:-

● IF THE HORIZONTAL SURFACE IS TOO THICKLY PAINTED

WRINKLING WILL OCCUR

FLASHING:-
 THE PATCHES SEEN ON THE PAINTED SURFACE IS KNOWN AS
FLASHING. IT MAY BE DUE TO POOR WORKMANSHIP, WEATHER
ACTION, OR POOR QUALITY OF PAINT.
GRINING:-
 IF THE OPACITY OF THE FINAL COAT IS INSUFFICIENT, THE BACK
GROUND OF THE PAINTED SURFACE IS CLEARLY VISIBLE, THIS IS
KNOWN AS GRINNING.
EFFLORESCENCE:-
 EFFLORESCENCE OR FORMATION OF WHITE POWDERY DEPOSIT ON
WALLS AFTER PAINTING IS CAUSED DUE TO SALTS PRESENT IN THE
BUILDING MATERIAL LIKE BRICK AND MORTAR, WHICH SURFACE
LATER ON.
 THE SOLUTION- GIVE A LONG TIME GAP BETWEEN PLASTERING
AND PAINTING (ABOUT 6 MONTHS INCLUDING ONE MONSOON) USE
PAINT WITH A POROUS FILM LIKE EMULSIONS AND DISTEMPERS.
BRUSH MARKS:-
 BRUSH MARKS ARE CAUSED DUE TO UNDER-THINNING OF PAINTS
OR DUE TO POOR APPLICATION OF THE FINAL COAT OF PAINT OR
DUE TO POOR QUALITY BRUSH.
 THE SOLUTION - ENSURE PAINT OF THE RIGHT VISCOSITY IS
APPLIED USING A GOOD BRUSH.
 VARNISH
DEFINITION:-
A TRANSPARENT SOLUTION OF RESINOUS SUBSTANCE IN LINSEED
OIL, TURPENTINE OR IN ALCOHOL IS CALLED VARNISH.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD VARNISH:-
 IT SHOULD DRY RAPIDLY.
 IT SHOULD FORM A HARD FILM ON DRYING.
 IT SHOULD NOT CRACK ON DRYING.
 IT SHOULD BE DURABLE AND WEATHER RESISTANT.

 IT SHOULD GIVE UNIFORM AND PLEASING

 IT SHOULD NOT HIDE THE NATURAL GRAINS OF THE INNER SURFACE
APPEARANCE.
OF TIMBER.

PAINTING THE WOODWORK :–

STEPS:-

1. PREPARATION OF SURFACE:-

THE NEW WOOD SHOULD BE SEASONED AND IT MUST BE DRIED

BEFORE PAINTING. THE SURFACE OF THE WOOD SHOULD BE

CLEANED AND NAILS SHOULD BE PUNCHED BELOW THE SURFACE.

2. KNOTTING:-

 THE KNOTS COVERED WITH SUITABLE MATERIAL IS CALLED

KNOTTING.
3. FIRST COAT:-
 AFTER KNOTTING THE PRIMARY COAT IS APPLIED ON THE SURFACE OF
THE WOOD. IT IS USUALLY APPLIED BEFORE THE WOOD WORK IS
FIXED.
4.SECOND COAT:-
 THIS COAT IS APPLIED AFTER KNOTTING AND PRIMING COAT. EACH COAT
APPLIED LONGITUDINALLY IN THIN FILM AND CROSSED, SO THAT NO
BRUSH MARK IS SEEN ON THIS PAINTED SURFACE.
5.FINAL COAT:-
 THIS COAT IS APPLIED OVER THE SECOND COAT WITHOUT ANY
BRUSH MARK.