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Standard IO and Pipes - Scripts

Standard IO and Pipes document discusses: 1) Linux provides 3 standard I/O channels - standard input, standard output, and standard error. Pipes (|) can connect commands to redirect output. 2) Common redirection operators like >, >>, < are used to redirect standard output, standard error, or send file input to commands. 3) Filters are commands that accept input from standard input and output to standard output, like grep, sort, head. Pipes can connect filters to process text streams.

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103 views35 pages

Standard IO and Pipes - Scripts

Standard IO and Pipes document discusses: 1) Linux provides 3 standard I/O channels - standard input, standard output, and standard error. Pipes (|) can connect commands to redirect output. 2) Common redirection operators like >, >>, < are used to redirect standard output, standard error, or send file input to commands. 3) Filters are commands that accept input from standard input and output to standard output, like grep, sort, head. Pipes can connect filters to process text streams.

Uploaded by

dhanish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Standard IO and Pipes

& Regular Expressions


grep
• To searches file for line that match a pattern.

grep {word-to-lookup} {filename} $ grep foxmyfile

Grep ‘[Cc]at’ pets


• Linux provides three I/O channels to programs
– Standard input (STDIN) – Keyboard by default
– Standard Output (STDOUT) –terminal window def
– Standard error (STDERR) – terminal window def

• By default standard output is the screen or


terminal window but when output is sent to a
destination other than screen , such as a file then
it means you are redirecting the standard output.
• Consider the following command
• Ls –l myfile fakefile
(the first line of this output is directed to the
standard error stream and the second to the
standard output)

These streams are abbreviated as


– STDIN (file descriptor #0)
– STDOUT(file descriptor #2)
• Supported operators include:

► > Redirect STDOUT to file


► 2> Redirect STDERR to file
► &> Redirect all output to file

Note: ( The standard output command can be redirected to a


file or piped in to another command but standard error
redirects to only file)
Common Redirection Operators
• Command > file - Direct standard output to file

• Command >> file – Append standard output of command to file

• Command < file – Send file as input to command

• Command 2> file – Redirects error message from command to


file

• Command 2>> file – Append error messages from command to


file
Standard Output

• ls > file_list.txt
In this example, the ls command is executed and
the results are written in a file named file_list.txt.

• ls >> file_list.txt
If you want the new results to be appended to
the file instead, use ">>" like this:
Standard Input

• sort < file_list.txt


In the above example we used
the sort command to process the contents of
file_list.txt.

• sort < file_list.txt > sorted_file_list.txt


As you can see, a command can have both its
input and output redirected. 
• spell < text.txt  > err.txt
PIPES
• Pipes ( the | character) can connect
commands:

Syntax:
Command1 | Command2

Example:
cat people-I-like | sort
Filter
• If a Linux command accepts its input from the
standard input and produces its output on
standard output is know as a filter.

$ tail +20 < hotel.txt | head -n30 >hlist


Introduction to Shell Programming
Variables in Linux

• In Linux, there are two types of variable


1) System variables- Created and maintained by
Linux itself. This type of variable defined in
CAPITAL LETTERS.

2) User defined variables (UDV)- Created and


maintained by user. This type of variable defined
in lower LETTERS.
Some System variables
User defined variables (UDV)
• Syntax:
variablename=value

print or access value of UDV-

echo $variable name

Eg:
$ x=20
$ y=5
$ z=`expr x / y`
$ echo $z
Commands Related with Shell Programming

echo [options] [string, variables...]

-n Do not output the trailing new line.


-e Enable interpretation of the following backslash escaped characters in the
strings:
\a alert (bell)
\b backspace
\c suppress trailing new line
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\\ backslash

For eg.
$ echo -e "An apple a day keeps away \a\t\tdoctor\n"
More about Quotes
• There are three types of quotes
– " i.e. Double Quotes
– ' i.e. Single quotes
– ` i.e. Back quote
1."Double Quotes" - Anything enclose in double quotes
removed meaning of that characters (except\ and $).
2. 'Single quotes' - Enclosed in single quotes remains
unchanged.
3. `Back quote` - To execute command.
For eg.
$ echo "Today is date"
Can't print message with today's date.
$ echo "Today is `date`".
Now it will print today's date as, Today is Tue Jan ....,
Shell Arithmetic
• $ expr 1 + 3
• $ expr 2 - 1
• $ expr 10 / 2
• $ expr 20 % 3 # remainder read as 20 mod 3
and remainder is 2)
• $ expr 10 \* 3 # Multiplication use \* not *
since its wild card)
• $ echo `expr 6 + 3`
Command line arguments
• The arguments are stored in variables with a number in the order
of the argument starting at 1
• First Argument: $1
• Second Argument: $2
• Third Argument: $3
• Example
– command: ./script.bash alpha beta gamma
– Variables: $1=='alpha'; $2=='beta'; $3=='gamma'

The variable $0 is the script's name. The total number of arguments


is stored in $#. The variables $@ and $* return all the arguments.
• $ ls -a /*
$ cat > demo
#!/bin/sh
#
# Script that demos, command line args
#
echo "Total number of command line argument are $#"
echo "$0 is script name"
echo "$1 is first argument"
echo “$2 is second argument"
echo "All of them are :- $*“

Save the above script by pressing ctrl+d, now make it executable

$ chmod +x demo
$ ./demo Hello World
$ cp demo ~/bin
$ demo
• Script Example
#!/bin/bash
echo "the $1 eats a $2 every time there is a $3"
echo "bye:-)“

Command:  ./script.sh dog bone moose


For Mathematics use following operator in
Shell Script
For string Comparisons use
Logical Operators
Exit Status
• By default in Linux if particular command is
executed, it return two type of values, (Values
are used to see whether command is
successful or not)
• if return value is zero (0), command is
successful,
• if return value is nonzero (>0), command is
not successful or some sort of error executing
command/shell script.
• Eg.:

$ ls
$ echo $?

Try the following commands and not down there


exit status
$ expr 1 + 3
$ echo $?
$ echo Welcome
$ echo $?
$ wildwest canwork?
$ echo $?
$ date
$ echo $?
if...else...fi
Syntax:
if condition
then
command1 if condition is true or if exit status
of condition is 0(zero)
...
...
else
command2 if condition is false or if exit status
of condition is >0 (nonzero)
...
...
fi
$ cat > showfile

#!/bin/sh
#Script to print file

if cat $1
then
echo -e "\n\nFile $1, found and successfully echoed"
fi
Now try to write answer for following

1) Create following script

if rm $1
then
echo "$1 file deleted"
fi

(Press Ctrl + d to save)


$ chmod +x trmif
Loops in Shell Scripts
for loop Syntax:
for { variable name } in { list }
do
execute one for each item in the list until the list is not
finished (And repeat all statement between do and done)
done
• Suppose,

$ cat > testfor


for i in 1 2 3 4 5
do
echo "Welcome $i times"
done
while loop

Syntax:
while [ condition ]
do
command1
command2
command3
..
....
done
we used 'exit 1' command which takes 1 as
$cat > nt1
argument (1Indicates error
#!/bin/sh
and therefore script is terminated)
#
#Script to test while statement
#
if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
echo "Error - Number missing form command line argument"
echo "Syntax : $0 number"
exit 1
fi
n=$1
i=1
while [ $i -le 10 ]
do
echo "$n * $i = `expr $i \* $n`"
i=`expr $i + 1`
done
The read Statement
• Use to get input from keyboard and store them to
variable.
$ cat > sayH
#
#Script to read your name from key-board
#
echo "Your first name please:"
read fname
echo "Hello $fname, Lets be friend!"
Functions
• Function is series of instruction/commands. Function performs
particular activity in shell.
Syntax:
function-name ( )
{
command1
command2
.....
...
commandN
return
}

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