ES 11 Engineering Drawing I

Orthographic Projection with

Scaling and Dimensions

3D Representation 2D Orthographic Projection

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Multiview projection – is a number of systematically arranged
views which provides certain definite information such as
vertices, edges, contours, fillets, holes and rounds shown in a
standard way.

TOP VIEW

LEFT SIDE VIEW

REAR VIEW

FRONT VIEW
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
BOTTOM VIEW

Engr. V.C. Alfarero The Six Principal Views

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Six Principal Views – any object can be viewed form six mutually
perpendicular directions

You can imagine:

• Top view – can be seen by an observer form an airplane.
• Bottom view or worm’s eye view – can be seen from
underneath.
• Front, sides and rear view – an observer can walk around.

To make drawings easier to read, the views are arranged on the

paper in a standard way.
Engr. V.C. Alfarero
 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
The top, front, and bottom views align vertically. The rear, left side,
front, and right-side views align horizontally.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero The Six Standard Views

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Three principal dimensions of an object:
• Width - is shown in the rear, top, front, and bottom views.
• Height - is shown in the rear, left-side, front, and right-side
views.
• Depth - is shown in the left-side, top, right-side, and bottom
views.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero The Three Principal Dimension of an Objects.

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Projection Method

• Plane of projection - shows how the object appears to the

observer.

• In orthographic projection, rays (or projectors) from all

points on the edges or contours of the object extend parallel
to each other and perpendicular to the plane of
projection.

• Orthographic means “at right angles.”

• The front view is projected to the frontal plane. (Figure A)

• The top view is projected to the horizontal plane. (Figure B)

Engr. V.C. Alfarero • The side view is projected to the profile plane. (Figure C)
 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Figure A

Engr. V.C. Alfarero Projection of an Object

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Figure B

Engr. V.C. Alfarero Horizontal Projection Planes

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Figure C

Engr. V.C. Alfarero Profile Projection Planes

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
The Glass Box

• If planes of projection were placed parallel to each principal

face of the object, they would form a box.

The outside observer would see six

standard views (front, rear, top,
bottom, right side, left side) of the
object through the sides of this
imaginary glass box.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Spacing between Views

• Spacing between views is mainly a matter of appearance. Views

should be spaced well apart but close enough to appear related to
each other. You may need to leave space between the views to
add dimensions.

Transferring Depth Dimensions

• The depth dimensions in the top and side views must correspond
point-for-point.
• You may find it convenient to use a 45° miter line to project
dimensions between top and side views. Because the miter line is
drawn at 45°, depths shown vertically in the top view can be
transferred to be shown as horizontal depths in the side view and
vice versa. As Shown in Figure 1.
Engr. V.C. Alfarero
 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Figure 1

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Necessary Views
• A sketch or drawing should contain only the views needed to
clearly and completely describe the object.
• Choose the views that have the fewest hidden lines and show
essential contours or shapes most clearly.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero Opposite Views Are Nearly Identical

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
The Three Regular Views
• The top, front, and right-side views because they are the
views most frequently used.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Isometric Views

• Isometric views in detail drawings helps others easily interpret

the drawing.
• Isometric views are often shown in the upper right-hand area
of the drawing, as there is often room there.
• The isometric view does not have to be at the same scale as
the other views.
• It is not necessary to indicate the scale of the isometric view
on the drawing.
• Remember that hidden lines are not usually shown in
isometric views.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Isometric Projection
• Orient the object so that its principal edges (or axes) make
equal angles with the plane of projection.
• The edges of a cube are projected so that they all measure
the same and make equal angles (of 120°) with each other.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Isometric Drawing

Engr. V.C. Alfarero Orthographic Views are given

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Orienting Ellipses in Isometric Drawings

The four-center method can be used only for ellipses in isometric planes.
Engr. V.C. Alfarero
 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
How to draw a four-center ellipse

Locate the midpoint

Draw the and draw a
isometric view perpendicular line
of the square. from each other.

a. b.

Construct the two

large arcs, with Construct the
radius R. two small arcs
with radius r.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

c. d.
 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Drawing Scale
• Drawing scale - is the reduction or enlargement of the drawn
object relative to the real object.
• Scale is stated as a ratio of the number of drawing units to
the number of actual units.

Reduced and Enlarged Scale. Many drawings must be shown at reduced scale for the object to fit on the paper.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Dimensioning

Dimensions are given in the form of distances, angles, and notes

regardless of the dimensioning units being used.

Three aspects of Good Dimensioning:

• Technique of dimensioning - the standards for the appearance
of lines, spacing of dimensions, size of arrowheads, and so
on, allow others to read your drawing.
• Placement of dimensions - use logical placement for
dimensions according to standard practices so that they are
legible, easy to find, and easy for the reader to interpret.
• Choice of dimensions - the dimensions you show affect how
your design is manufactured.
Engr. V.C. Alfarero
 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Lines used in Dimensioning
• Dimension line - is a thin, dark, solid line terminated by an
arrowhead, indicating the direction and extent of a dimension.

The dimension line nearest

the object outline should be
spaced at least 10 mm away.

Arrow Head Dimension Line

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Lines used in Dimensioning
• Extension line - is a thin, dark, solid line that extends from a
point on the drawing to which a dimension refers.

3.0 MM Approximate Extension

Not less than 6MM

Extension Line
Not less than 10mm

1.5MM approximate gap

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Lines used in Dimensioning
• Centerline - is a thin, dark line alternating long and short
dashes. When extended for dimensioning, centerlines cross
over other lines of the drawing without gaps.

No gap

Centerline used as an extension line

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Rules for Placing Dimensions Properly
• Never letter a dimension value over any line on the drawing;
if necessary, break the line.
• In a group of parallel dimension lines, the dimension values
should be staggered, and not stacked up one above the
other.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Rules for Placing Dimensions Properly
• Do not crowd dimension figures into limited spaces, making
them illegible. If necessary, add a removed partial view or
detail to an enlarged scale to provide the space needed for
clear dimensioning.

• Place dimensions between views when possible, but attached

to only a single view. This way it is clear that the dimension
relates to the feature, which can be seen in more than one
view.
Engr. V.C. Alfarero
 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Rules for Placing Dimensions Properly
• When a dimension must be placed in a hatched area or on
the view, leave an opening in the hatching or a break in the
lines for the dimension values.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Rules for Placing Dimensions Properly
• Dimensions should not be placed on a view unless it promotes
the clarity of the drawing. It is often necessary to place
dimensions on a view.
• Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Rules for Placing Dimensions Properly
• Dimensions should not be placed on a view unless it promotes
the clarity of the drawing. It is often necessary to place
dimensions on a view.
• Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions
Rules for Placing Dimensions Properly
• Do not attach dimensions to visible lines where the meaning
is not clear, as shown in Figure B.
• Notes for holes are usually placed where you see the circular
shape of the hole, but give the diameter of an external
cylindrical shape where it appears rectangular. This way it is
near the dimension for the length of the cylinder. (Figure A)
• Give dimensions where the shapes are shown—where the
contours of the object are defined. (Figure A)
• Locate holes in the view that shows the shape of the hole
clearly

Engr. V.C. Alfarero

 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions

Figure A Figure B
Engr. V.C. Alfarero
 Orthographic Projection with
Scaling and Dimensions

Your Plate
should look
like this.

Engr. V.C. Alfarero