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Computer Operating System

This document discusses memory management techniques for multiprogramming systems. It describes fixed and variable partitioning methods. In fixed partitioning, memory is divided into fixed size partitions, with one queue per partition. Variable partitioning uses a free block table to dynamically allocate partitions as needed. Search algorithms like first fit and best fit are used to find blocks for new processes. Contiguous memory allocation stores each process in a single block, but can cause fragmentation issues. Memory protection mechanisms like relocation and limit registers are also discussed.

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Andy O'Kay
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25 views

Computer Operating System

This document discusses memory management techniques for multiprogramming systems. It describes fixed and variable partitioning methods. In fixed partitioning, memory is divided into fixed size partitions, with one queue per partition. Variable partitioning uses a free block table to dynamically allocate partitions as needed. Search algorithms like first fit and best fit are used to find blocks for new processes. Contiguous memory allocation stores each process in a single block, but can cause fragmentation issues. Memory protection mechanisms like relocation and limit registers are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Andy O'Kay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GROUP 3

Computer Operating System Course 2020


MULTIPROGRAMMING WITH
PARTITIONS

In a multiprogramming system, in order to share the processor, a


number of processes must be kept in memory. Memory management
is achieved through memory management algorithms. Each memory
management algorithm requires its own hardware support.

In order to be able to load programs at any address in memory, the


compiler must generate relocatable object code. Also we must make
it sure that a program in memory, addresses only its own area, and
no other program’s area. Therefore, some protection mechanism is

also needed.
MULTIPROGRAMMING WITH
PARTITIONS
There are two types of Partitions namely Fixed and Variable partitions.

FIXED PARTITIONS
There are two types of Partitions namely Fixed and Variable
partitions.

In this method, memory is divided into partitions whose sizes


are fixed. OS is placed into the lowest bytes of memory.
Processes are classified on entry to the system according to
their memory they requirements. We need one Process Queue
(PQ) for each class of process.
Continued…
If a process is selected to allocate memory, then it goes into
memory and competes for the processor. The number of fixed
partition gives the degree of multiprogramming. Since each
queue has its own memory region, there is no competition
between queues for the memory
VARIABLE PARTITIONING

With fixed partitions we have to deal with the problem of


determining the number and sizes of partitions to minimize
internal and external fragmentation. If we use variable
partitioning instead, then partition sizes may vary dynamically.

In the variable partitioning method, we keep a table (linked


list) indicating used/free areas in memory. Initially, the whole
memory is free and it is considered as one large block. When a
new process arrives, the OS searches for a block of free
memory large enough for that process. We keep the rest
available (free) for the future processes.
Variable partitioning: 3 types of searching algorithms

If a block becomes free, then the OS tries to merge it with its


neighbors if they are also free. There are three algorithms for
searching the list of free blocks for a specific amount of memory.

First Fit : Allocate the first free block that is large enough for the
new process. This is a fast algorithm.

Best Fit : Allocate the smallest block among those that are large
enough for the new process. In this method, the OS has to search
the entire list, or it can keep it sorted and stop when it hits an
entry which has a size larger than the size of new process. This
algorithm produces the smallest left over block. However, it
requires more time for searching all the list or sorting it
Variable partitioning: 3 types of searching algorithms

Worst Fit : Allocate the largest block among those that are large
enough for the new process. Again a search of the entire list or
sorting is needed. This algorithm produces the largest over block.
CONTIGUOUS MEMORY ALLOCATION

In contiguous memory allocation each process is allocated a single


contiguous area in memory

 Issues: Memory protection, Relocation, Avoid Fragmentation

- Faces the problem of memory fragmentation

- Apply techniques of memory compaction and reuse in dynamic

. Compaction requires a relocation register

. Swapping
…cont

Main memory must support both OS and user processes

• Limited resource, must allocate efficiently

• Contiguous allocation is one early method

• Main memory usually into two partitions:

- Resident operating system, usually held in low memory with


interrupt vector

- User processes then held in high memory

-Each process contained in single contiguous section of memory


…cont

Multiple partitions for multiple processes

• Relocation register and limit registers to protect

processes from one another (and protect OS code)

• Both registers are part of process context (i.e., PCB)

• Relocation register contains value of smallest

physical address

• Limit register contains range of logical addresses

• Each logical address must be less than the limit

register.
…cont
GROUP NAMES
KAWINA MARY 18428

CHIPENGE ALICE 18442

MBEWE EMMA 18445

MUSEYA RACHEAL 18465

CHIIMA NAMOONGA 18467

SOMBELA PETER 18395

KALEYA ANDREW 18418

MWALE GEORGE 18450

MONDO MULENGA 18462

NGULUBE MAMBO 17249

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