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2) Atomic Models

The document summarizes early atomic models developed by Rutherford, Planck, and Bohr. It discusses key ideas such as: 1) Rutherford provided evidence that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons. 2) Planck developed the first quantum theory which stated that electromagnetic radiation is emitted in discrete quanta proportional to frequency. 3) Bohr incorporated Planck's quantum theory into his atomic model of hydrogen. He proposed that electrons orbit in discrete, quantized energy levels and can only transition between these levels by absorbing or emitting photons of specific frequencies. 4) Bohr's model successfully explained the emission spectrum of hydrogen and provided insights into atomic structure that revolutionized

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Shiva Manohar Anantha
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34 views25 pages

2) Atomic Models

The document summarizes early atomic models developed by Rutherford, Planck, and Bohr. It discusses key ideas such as: 1) Rutherford provided evidence that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons. 2) Planck developed the first quantum theory which stated that electromagnetic radiation is emitted in discrete quanta proportional to frequency. 3) Bohr incorporated Planck's quantum theory into his atomic model of hydrogen. He proposed that electrons orbit in discrete, quantized energy levels and can only transition between these levels by absorbing or emitting photons of specific frequencies. 4) Bohr's model successfully explained the emission spectrum of hydrogen and provided insights into atomic structure that revolutionized

Uploaded by

Shiva Manohar Anantha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rutherford, Planck and

Bohr
Topics
• Subatomic particles
• Atomic mass and Atomic weight
• Atomic models
• Quantum mechanic model of atom
Basics
• Electromagnetic radiation
Rutherford
• Provided experimental evidence that atom has dense, +vely charged
nucleus accounting only for a small portion of atom’s volume
Max Planck
• Developed 1st quantum theory
• Energy emitted as EMR from matter comes in discrete bundles called
quanta
• Energy of quantum is given by planck relation

• h = planck’s constant 6.626 x 10^-34 Js


• f = frequency of the radiation
Bohr Model
• Based on the works of Rutherford and Planck
• Developed a model of electronic structure of H atom
• Based on Rutherford model
• Assumed that H atom has a central proton around which electron travelled in
circular orbit
• Proposed that centripetal force acting on electron was created by
electrostatic force b/w proton and electron
Departure from classical mechanics
• Based on Planck’s quantum theory
• Corrected some assumptions about pathways of electrons
• Classical mechanics
• Object revolving in a circle may assume infinite no of values for its radius and
velocity
• So angular momentum (L) and K.E can take any value
• Using planck’s model he placed restrictions on possible values of L
• Predicted possible values for L of an electron orbiting H nucleus as -
Angular momentum

• n = principal quantum no (+ve integer)


• Thus L of electron changes only in discrete amounts wrt n
• Bohr related these permitted L values to energy of electron
Energy of electron

• RH = experimentally determined Rydberg unit of energy


= 2.18 x 10 ^-18 J / electron
• So even energy of electron changes in discrete amounts wrt n
• Zero energy
• State in which proton and electron are separated completely
• i.e. no attractive force between them
• Therefore electron in any quantized state of an atom will have an attractive force
toward proton (so represented by –ve sign)
Energy variations
• Energy of an electron increases (becomes less –ve) with distance from
nucleus (i.e. with increasing n)
• Magnitude of fraction gets smaller (but actual value is increased)
• So energy is directly proportional to n
Bohr’s model final outcomes
• Described the structure of H atom as a nucleus with 1 proton forming a
dense core around which a single electron revolves in a defined orbit at a
discrete energy value
• If we transfer an energy exactly equal to that of a difference between one
orbit & another
• Electron will jump from one orbit to a higher energy orbit
• Bohr likened his model of H atom to planets orbiting sun
• Nobel-prize winning model
• Remained as an important conceptualization of atomic behavior for over 2 decades
• We now know that electrons are not restricted to specific pathways but tend
to be localized in certain regions of space
Different states of atoms
• Orbit with smallest (lowest energy) radius is called ground state (n=1)
• i.e. all electrons are in lowest possible orbitals
• When an electron is supplied some energy to transfer it to higher
orbit then this is said to be in excited state
• When atleast one electron in an atom moves to a subshell higher than
normal energy then atom is in excited state
• In general all tend toward minimal energy
• Hence atoms of any element will exist in ground state unless subjected to
extremely high T or irradiation
Electrons from lower energy level to higher
energy level
• They get AHED
• Absorb light
• Higher potential
• Excited
• Distant (from nucleus)
Applications of Bohr’s model
• Bohr’s model can be applied for all one-electron systems
• H, He+, Li+2
• Used to explain atomic emission and absorption spectra of atoms
Atomic emission spectra
• Atoms from ground state can be excited by
heat or other energy forms
• Lifetime of an excited state is short
• So electrons rapidly return to ground states
• Result in emission of discrete amounts of
energy (in the form of photons)
Electromagnetic energy of photons

• Since
• h = planck’s constant
• c = speed of light ( 3 x 10^8 m/s)
• Lambda = wavelength of radiation
Emission spectra
• Returning electrons from excited states emit photons with a
wavelength characteristic of the specific energy transition it
undergoes.
• These energy transitions do not form a continuum, but rather are
quantized to certain values
• Hence spectrum is composed of light at specified frequencies
• Sometimes it is a line spectrum, where each line on the emission spectrum
corresponds to a specific electron transition
Application of emission spectroscopy
• Each element has its electrons excited to a different set of distinct
energy levels, so each possess a unique atomic emission spectrum,
which can be used as a fingerprint for the element
• analysis of stars and planets
• while a physical sample may be impossible to procure, the light from a star
can be resolved into its component wavelengths, which are then matched to
the known line spectra of the elements
• Fluorescence
• Emission from electrons dropping to ground states from excited states
Various series from Bohr’s model of
hydrogen atom
• Bohr’s model explained the atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen
• Simplest emission spectrum among all elements
• Group of hydrogen emission lines corresponding to transitions from
energy levels n >= 2 to n=1 is known as Lyman series
• Similarly group of transitions from n >= 3 to n=2 is Balmer series
• Includes 4 wavelengths in visible region
• Lyman series energy transitions > Balmer (hence lie in UV region)
• Since energy is inversely proportional to wavelength
• Paschen series – n >= 4 to n=3
Bohr’s + Planck’s
• Thus based on both models we can say that
• Energy associated with change in n from higher initial value to lower final value = Energy of photon
predicted by planck’s quantum theory

• Thus energy of emitted photon corresponds to difference in energy between higher-


energy initial state and lower-energy final state
• Here if E = +ve, it means emission
E = -ve, it means absorption
Atomic absorption spectra
• If an electron is excited to higher energy level
• It means it must have absorbed exactly right amount of energy to make that
transition
• Thus exciting electrons results in energy absorption at specific
wavelengths
• So just like a unique emission spectrum, each element has a characteristic
absorption spectrum
• Wavelengths of this correspond exactly to that of emission (bcoz difference of
energy between levels is unchanged)
• Application
• Identification of elements in gas phase requires absorption spectra
How does any compound has any color?
• Absorption is the basis for color of compounds
• What we see as color of any compound is the color of the light that is
not absorbed by the compound
Assignment

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