LPC1768 Timer Programming

Using delays in a software code is usual in embedded

programing. A normal delay function might be used to create a
period of no operation through a for loop iterating for a few 1000
cycles. But these types of delays need not be accurate and
fundamentally, it is not a good programming practice. So,
TIMER/COUNTER is a software designed to count the time
interval between events. It counts the cycle of the peripheral
clock or an externally-supplied clock.
LPC1768/LPC1769 has four 32-bit Timer blocks,
TIMER0-TIMER3. Each Timer block can be used as
a ‘Timer’ (like for e.g. triggering an interrupt every
‘t’ microseconds) or as a ‘Counter’
• Each Timer module has its own Timer Counter (TC) and
Prescale Register(PR) associated with it.
• When a Timer is Reset and Enabled, the TC is set to 0
and incremented by 1 every ‘PR+1’ clock cycles – where
PR is the value stored in Prescale Register. When it
reaches its maximum value it gets reset to 0 and hence
restarts counting.
• Prescale Register is used to define the resolution of the
timer. If PR is 0 then TC is incremented every 1 clock
cycle of the peripheral clock. If PR=1 then TC is
incremented every 2 clock cycles of peripheral clock
and so on.
• By setting an appropriate value in PR we can make timer
increment or count : every peripheral clock cycle or 1
microsecond or 1 millisecond or 1 second and so on.
• PC: Prescale Counter Register (32 bit) – This register
increments on every PCLK(Peripheral clock).
• This register controls the resolution of the timer. When
PC reaches the value in PR , PC is reset back to 0 and
Timer Counter is incremented by 1.
• Hence if PR=0 then Timer Counter Increments on every
PCLK.
• If PR=9 then Timer Counter Increments on every 10th
cycle of PCLK.
• Hence by selecting an appropriate prescale value we
can control the resolution of the timer.
Each Timer has four 32-bit Match Registers, MR0-
MR3 and two 32-bit Capture Registers, CR0, CR1. Timer
0,1,3 have two Match outputs while Timer 2 has four.

Match Register
• A Match Register is a Register which contains a specific
value set by the user.
• When the Timer starts – every time after TC is
incremented, the value in TC is compared with match
register. If it matches then it can Reset the Timer or can
generate an interrupt as defined by the user.
Match Registers can be used to:
•Stop Timer on Match(i.e when the value in count register
is same as that in Match register) and trigger an optional
interrupt.
•Reset Timer on Match and trigger an optional interrupt.
•To count continuously and trigger an interrupt on match.

External Match Output

• When a corresponding Match register(MRx) equals
the Timer Counter(TC) the match output can be
controlled using External Match Register(EMR) to :
either toggle, go HIGH, go LOW or do nothing.
External Match Output - When a match register (MR3:0)
equals the timer counter (TC) this output can either toggle, go
low, go high, or do nothing.
The External Match Register (EMR) controls the functionality
of this output.
EMR: External Match Register – It provides both status and control
of External Match Output Pins. First four bits are for EM0 to EM3. Next
8 bits are for EMC0 to EMC3 in pairs of 2.
•Bit 0 – EM0: External Match 0. When a match occurs between TC and
MR0, depending on bits[5:4] i.e. EMC0 of this register, this bit can
either toggle, go LOW, go HIGH, or do nothing. This bit is driven to
MATx.0 where x=Timer number.
•Similarly for Bits 1, 2 & 3.
•Bits[5:4] – EMC0: External Match 0. The values in these bits select the
functionality of EM0 as follows:
• 0x0 – Do nothing
• 0x1 – Clear the corresponding External Match output to 0
(MATx.m pin is LOW).
• 0x2 – Set the corresponding External Match output to 1 (MATx.m
pin is HIGH).
• 0x3 – Toggle the corresponding External Match output.
•Similarly for Bits[7:6] – EMC1, Bits[9,8] – EMC2, Bits[11:10] – EMC3.
Capture Register (CAP0-CAP3)
• As the name suggests it is used to Capture Input signal.
When a transition event occurs on a Capture pin, it can
be used to copy the value of TC into any of the 4
Capture Register or to generate an Interrupt.
TCR: Timer Control Register – This register is used to
enable , disable and reset TC. When bit0 is 1 timer is
enabled and when 0 it is disabled. When bit1 is set to 1 TC
and PC are set to zero. Rest of the bits of TCR are reserved.
CTCR: Count Control register – Used to select
Timer/Counter Mode. When the value of the CTCR is set to
0x0 Timer Mode is selected.
MCR: Match Control register – This register is used to
control which all operations can be done when the value
in MR matches the value in TC. Bits 0,1,2 are for MR0 , Bits
3,4,5 for MR1 and so on.. Here is a quick table which
shows the usage:
For MR0:
•Bit 0: Interrupt on MR0 i.e. trigger an interrupt when MR0
matches TC. Interrupts are enabled when set to 1 and
disabled when set to 0.
•Bit 1: Reset on MR0. When set to 1 , TC will be reset when
it matched MR0. Disabled when set to 0.
•Bit 2: Stop on MR0. When set to 1 , TC & PC will stop when
MR0 matches TC.
Similarly bits 3-5 , 6-8 , 9-11 are for MR1 , MR2 , MR3
respectively.
Setting up & configuring Timers in LPC1768

• All the Registers used to program and use timers

are defined as members of structure(pointer)
LPC_TIMx, where x is the Timer module from 0 to
3. So for Timer0 we will use LPC_TIM0 and so on.
• Registers can be accessed by de-referecing the
pointer using “->” operator. For, example we can
access TCR of Timer0 block as LPC_TIM0->TCR.
1.Set appropriate value in LPC_TIMx->CTCR
2.Define the Prescale value in LPC_TIMx->PR
3.Set Value(s) in Match Register(s) if required
4.Set appropriate value in LPC_TIMx->MCR if using
Match registers / Interrupts
5.Reset Timer – Which resets PR and TC
6.Set LPC_TIMx->TCR to 0x01 to Enable the Timer
when required
7.Reset LPC_TIMx->TCR to 0x00 to Disable the
Timer when required
LPC1768 Timer Prescaler Calculations:

The delay or time required for 1 clock cycle when PCLK

= ‘X’ Mhz is given by :
TPCLK = 1/PCLKHz
  =1/( X * 106 )Seconds
It is also the maximum resolution Timer block can
provide at a given PCLK frequency of X Mhz. The
general formula for Timer resolution at X Mhz PCLK
and a given value for prescale (PR) is as given below:
TRES = (PR+1)/PCLKHz
  =(PR+1)/(X * 106 )Seconds
Hence, we get the Formula for Prescaler (PR) for
required Timer resolution (TRES in Secs) at
given PCLK(in Hz) frequency as:
PR = (PCLKHz * TRES) – 1
PR = ((X * 106) * TRES) – 1
Note that here, the resolution is also the time delay
required to increment TC by 1.
Hence, Prescaler value for 1 micro-second resolution at
3 Mhz PCLK is,
PR1us = (3Mhz * 1uS) -1 = (3*106 * 10-6) -1 = 2
void initTimer0(void)
{
LPC_TIM0->CTCR = 0x0; //timer mode
LPC_TIM0->TCR = 0x02; //Reset Timer
LPC_TIM0->PR = 2; //Increment TC at every 2+1 clock cycles,
//Tres = 1us
LPC_TIM0->MR0 = 999; // for 1 ms delay TC 0 to 999
LPC_TIM0->MCR = 2; // reset TC after 1 ms delay
LPC_TIM0->EMR = 0x20; // when match occurs bit 0 of EMR
//will set
LPC_TIM0->TCR = 0x01; //enable timer0
}
Ref:
• http://www.ocfreaks.com/lpc1768-timer-programmi
ng-tutorial/
• UM10360 LPC 176x/5x User Manual Chapter 21
Program to get 1ms delay using timer0

void initTimer0(void)
{
LPC_TIM0->CTCR = 0x0; //timer mode
LPC_TIM0->TCR = 0x02; //Reset Timer
LPC_TIM0->PR = 2; //Increment TC at every 2+1 clock cycles, Tres = 1us
LPC_TIM0->MR0 = 999; // for 1 ms delay TC counts 0 to 999
LPC_TIM0->MCR = 2; // reset TC after 1 ms delay
LPC_TIM0->EMR = 0x20; // when match occurs bit 0 of EMR will set
LPC_TIM0->TCR = 0x01; //enable timer0
}
void delay(void)
{
initTimer0();
while(!(LPC_TIM0->EMR &1));
}