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Mapping

The document discusses conceptual/internal mapping, external/conceptual mapping, data independence, and data models. It defines conceptual/internal mapping as relating the conceptual and internal schemas, and external/conceptual mapping as relating external and conceptual schemas. It describes two types of data independence: physical data independence allows changes to the internal schema without affecting applications, while logical data independence more difficultly allows changes to the conceptual schema without affecting applications.

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ayesha nazeer
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36 views8 pages

Mapping

The document discusses conceptual/internal mapping, external/conceptual mapping, data independence, and data models. It defines conceptual/internal mapping as relating the conceptual and internal schemas, and external/conceptual mapping as relating external and conceptual schemas. It describes two types of data independence: physical data independence allows changes to the internal schema without affecting applications, while logical data independence more difficultly allows changes to the conceptual schema without affecting applications.

Uploaded by

ayesha nazeer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Conceptual /internal

mapping

Ayesha Nazeer
Conceptual / internal mapping
• The conceptual/internal mapping defines the correspondence between
the conceptual view and the store database.
• It specifies how conceptual record and fields are represented at the
internal level.
• It relates conceptual schema with internal schema.
• If structure of the store database is changed.
• If changed is made to the storage structure definition-then the
conceptual/internal mapping must be changed accordingly, so that the
conceptual schema can remain invariant.
• There could be one mapping between conceptual and internal levels.
 External/Conceptual Mapping:

• The external/conceptual mapping defines the correspondence between a


particular external view and conceptual view.
• It relates each external schema with conceptual schema.
• The differences that can exist between these two levels are analogous to those
that can exist between the conceptual view and the stored database.
• Example: fields can have different data types; fields and record name can be
changed; several conceptual fields can be combined into a single external field.
• Any number of external views can exist at the same time; any number of users
can share a given external view: different external views can overlap.
• There could be several mapping between external and conceptual levels.
Data independence
• Data independence is ability to modify a schema definition in one
level without affecting a schema definition in the next higher level.
• There are two levels of data independence:
• Physical Data Independence 1) view level
• Logical Data Independence 2) conceptual level
3) physical schema
Physical Data Independence:

• . Physical Data Independence is the ability to modify the physical schema


without requiring any change in application programs.
• Modifications at the internal levels are occasionally necessary to improve
performance. possible modifications at internal levels are change in file
structures, compression techniques, hashing algorithms, storage devices, etc.
• Physical data independence separates conceptual levels from the internal
levels.
• This allows to provide a logical description of the database without the need
to specify physical structures.
• Comparatively, it is easy to achieve physical data independence.
Logical Data Independence:

• Logical data independence is ability to modify the conceptual schema


without requiring any change in application programs.
• Modification at the logical levels are necessary whenever the logical
structures of the database is altered.
• Logical data independence separates external level from the conceptual
view.
• Comparatively it is difficult to achieve logical data independence.
• Application programs are heavily dependent on logical structures of the
data they access.so any change in logical structure also requires
programs to change.
Data Models
• The structure of the database is called the data models. A Collection
of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationship, data
semantic and consistency constraint.

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