Periodic Structures Image Parameter Method Insertion Loss Method Filter Transformation

Lecture 8
Periodic Structures
Image Parameter Method
Insertion Loss Method
Filter Transformation
EE 41139 Microwave Technique 1
Periodic Structures
periodic structures have passband and

stopband characteristics and can be
employed as filters

Periodic Structures
consider a microstrip transmission line
periodically loaded with a shunt
susceptance b normalized to the
characteristic impedance Zo:
In+1
d + In
Zo=1 jb Vn Vn+1
unit cell
Periodic Structures
 Vn   A B   Vn  1 
I    C D  I 
 n    n 1 
the ABCD matrix is composed by

cascading three matrices, two for the
transmission lines of length d/2 each and
one for the shunt susceptance,

Periodic Structures
i.e.
     
 A B   cos 2 j sin 2   1 0  cos 2 j sin 2 
 C D       jb 1    
   j sin cos     j sin cos 
 2 2  2 2
 b  b b 
 A B   cos   2 sin 2 j(sin   cos   )
2 2

 C D  
 b
  j(sin   cos   ) b b 
cos   sin 
 2 2 2 2 

Periodic Structures
= kd, and k is the propagation constant
of the unloaded line
AD-BC = 1 for reciprocal networks
assuming the the propagation constant of
the loaded line is denoted by , then
 V ( z )   V ( 0 )   z
 I ( z)    I ( 0 )  e
   

Periodic Structures
therefore,
 Vn   A B   Vn  1   Vn  1e d 
 I    C D  I  
 n    n  1   I n  1e d 
or
 A  e  d B   Vn  1 
    0
 d I
 C De   n  1 

Periodic Structures
for a nontrivial solution, the determinant
of the matrix must vanish leading to
 2d  d
AD  e  ( A  D) e  CB  0
recall that AD-CB = 0 for a reciprocal
 2 d  d
network, then 1  e  ( A  D ) e 0
Or AD b
cosh d   cos   sin 
2 2

Periodic Structures
Knowing that,     j the above
equation can be written as
b
cosh d  cosh d cos d  j sinh d sin d  cos  
2
b
 j sinh d sin d  cos   sin 
2
since the right-hand side is always real,
therefore, either  or  is zero, but not
both

Periodic Structures
if =0, we have a passband,  can be
obtained from the solution to
b
cos d  cos   sin 
2
if the the magnitude of the rhs is less than

1

Periodic Structures
if =0, we have a stopband,  can be
obtained from the solution to
b
cosh d  |cos   sin  |  1
2
as cosh function is always larger than 1,

 is positive for forward going wave and
is negative for the backward going wave

Periodic Structures
therefore, depending on the frequency, the

periodic structure will exhibit either a
passband or a stopband

Periodic Structures
the characteristic impedance of the load
line is given by Z  Z Vn  1   BZ o
B o
In  1 A2  1
, + for forward wave and - for backward
wavehere the unit cell is symmetric so that
A=D
ZB is real for the passband and imaginary
for the stopband
Periodic Structures
when the periodic structure is terminated
with a load ZL , the reflection coefficient
at the load can be determined easily
IN
unit unit +
VN ZL
cell cell

Periodic Structures
 V  Z
 
   V  
VN  VN  VN  Z L I N  Z L  N  N   L VN  VN
 Z B Z B  Z B

VN ZL  ZB
 

VN Z L  Z B
Which is the usual result

Periodic Structures
it is useful to look at the k- diagram
(Brillouin) of the periodic structure
k propagation
=k
vp
c
cut
vg off
c


Periodic Structures
in the region where  < k, it is a slow
wave structure, the phase velocity is slow
down in certain device so that microwave
signal can interacts with electron beam
more efficiently
when  = k, we have a TEM line

Filter Design by the Image
Parameter Method
let us first define image impedance by
considering the following two-port
network
I1 I2
+ A B +
Zi1 C D Zi2
V1 V2
1
Zin1 Zin2

Parameter Method
if Port 2 is terminated with Zi2, the input
impedance at Port 1 is Zi1
if Port 1 is terminated with Zi1, the input

impedance at Port 2 is Zi2
both ports are terminated with matched

loads

Parameter Method
at Port 1, the port voltage and current
are related as
V1  AV2  BI 2 , I1  CV2  DI 2
the input impedance at Port 1, with Port
2 terminated in , is
V1 AV2  BI 2 AZ i 2  B
Z in1   
I1 CV2  DI 2 CZ i 2  D

Parameter Method
similarly, at Port 2, we have
V2  DV1  BI1 , I 2   CV1  AI1
these are obtained by taking the inverse of
the ABCD matrix knowing that AB-CD=1
the input impedance at Port 2, with Port 1
terminated in , is
 V2 DV1  BI1 DZ i1  B
Z in 2   
I2  CV1  AI1 CZ i1  A

Parameter Method
Given Z in1  Z i1 and Z in 2  Z i 2 , we have
Z i1 ( CZ i 2  D)  AZ i 2  B , Z 2 ( CZ i1  A )  DZ i1  B
AB BD DZ i1
Z i1  Z i2  Zi2 
CD AC A
, ,
Z i1  Z i 2is symmetric, i.e., A = D,
if the network
then
Parameter Method
if the two-port network is driven by a
voltage source
Zi1 I1 I2
+ A B +
2V1 C D Zi2
V1 V2
1
Zin1 Zin2

Parameter Method
I2 A
Similarly we have,  AD  BC ,
I1

D
A = D for symmetric network

Define e  AD  BC,
e   1 / ( AD  BC )  ( AD  BC) / ( AD  BC )  AD
 ( AD  BC) / ( AD  BC )  AD  BC
cosh   AD
Parameter Method
consider the low-pass filter
L/2 L/2 Z1/2 Z1/2
C Z2

Parameter Method
the series inductors and shunt capacitor
will block high-frequency signals
a high-pass filter can be obtained by

replacing L/2 by 2C and C by L in T-
network

Parameter Method
the ABCD matrix is given by
A  1  Z1 / 2Z 2 , B  Z1  Z12 / 4 Z 2 , C  1 / Z 2 , D  1  Z
Z12 / 4 Z 2 , C  1 / Z 2 , D  1  Z1 / 2Z 2
Image impedance
Z iT  AB / CD  Z1Z 2 1  Z1 / 4 Z 2

Parameter Method
Propagation constant
e  1  Z1 / 2Z 2  ( Z1 / Z 2 )  ( Z12 / 4 Z 22 )
For the above T-network,

Z1  jL , Z 2  1 / jC
L  2LC
Z iT  1
C 4
Parameter Method
Define a cutoff frequency as,
2
c 
LC
a nominal characteristic impedance Ro

L
Ro  k
C , k is a constant

Parameter Method
the image impedance is then written as
2
Z iT  R o 1 
2
c
the propagation factor is given as
2 2 2  2
e  1   1
 2c  c  2c

Parameter Method

For    c, Z iT is real and | e |  1
which imply a passband
For    c , Z iT is imaginary and we

have a stopband

Parameter Method
this is a constant-k low pass filter, there
are two parameters to choose (L and C)
which are determined by c and Ro
when , the attenuation is slow,

furthermore, the image impedance is not
a constant when frequency changes

Parameter Method
the m-derived filter section is designed to

alleviate these difficulties
let us replace the impedances Z1 with

'
Z 1  mZ 1

Parameter Method
we choose Z2 so that ZiT remains the same
Z12 ' ' Z'12 ' m 2Z12

Z iT  Z1Z 2   Z1Z 2   mZ1 Z 2 
4 4 4
therefore, Z2 is given by
Z Z  ( 1  m 2 )Z 2 / 4 Z 1  m 2
Z'2  1 2 1  2 Z1
mZ1 m 4m

Parameter Method
recall that Z1 = jL and Z2 = 1/jC, the
m-derived components are 2 1 1 m
Z'1  jLm , Z'2   jL
jCm 4m
Z '1 jLm  m 2 2LC
 
Z '2 1 / jCm  (1  m 2 ) jL / 4m 1  (1  m 2 ) 2LC / 4
Z '1  ( 2m /  c ) 2
 ,  c  2 / LC
Z '2 1  (1  m 2 )(  /  c ) 2
Parameter Method
Z '1 4  4( 1  m 2 )(  /  c ) 2  ( 2m /  c ) 2 1
1  
4Z '2 4  4( 1  m 2 )(  /  c ) 2 1  (1
2 2
 ( 2m /  c ) 1  ( /  c )

2 2 2
 / c ) 1  ( 1  m )(  /  c )
the propagation factor for the m-derived
section is
'
Z1 '
Z1 '
Z1

e  1  (1  )
' ' '
2Z 2 Z2 4Z 2
Parameter Method

if we restrict 0 < m < 1, e is real and
| e  | >1 , for  >  c the stopband begins
at  =as for
 c the constant-k section
When  = , where

e becomes infinity
    
and thefilterchas an
/ 1 m 2
infinite attenuation

Parameter Method
when  >   , the attenuation will be
reduced; in order to have an infinite
attenuation when    , we can
cascade a the m-derived section with a
constant-k section to give the following
response

Parameter Method
the image impedance method cannot

incorporate arbitrary frequency
response; filter design by the insertion
loss method allows a high degree of
control over the passband and stopband
amplitude and phase characteristics

Filter Design by the Insertion
Loss Method
if a minimum insertion loss is most
important, a binomial response can be
used
if a sharp cutoff is needed, a Chebyshev
response is better
in the insertion loss method a filter
response is defined by its insertion loss or
power loss ratio

Loss Method
Pinc 1
PLR  
PLoad 1 |  (  |2 , IL = 10 log PLR
M ( 2 )
|  (  )|2 
M (  2 )  N(  2 ) , , M and N are
real polynomials
M( 2 )
PLR  1 
2
N(  )

Loss Method
for a filter to be physically realizable, its
power loss ratio must be of the form shown
above
maximally flat (binomial or Butterworth
response) provides the flattest possible
passband response for a given filter order N
2  2N
PLR  1  k ( )
c

Loss Method
The passband goes from   0 to
   c , beyond    c , the
attenuation increases with frequency
the first (2N-1) derivatives are zero for

and for 0 , the insertion loss
increases at a  cof 20N dB/decade
rate

Loss Method
equal ripple can be achieved by using a

Chebyshev polynomial to specify the
insertion loss of an N-order low-pass
filter as
2 2  
PLR  1  k TN  
 c

Loss Method
a sharper cutoff will result; T(x) N
oscillates between -1 and 1 for |x| < 1, the
passband response will have a ripple of
1+ 2
in thekamplitude
N
For large x, TN ( x2)  ( 2x ) / 2 and
k 2N
therefore LR 4
P  ( 2 /  c )
for    c

Loss Method
therefore, the insertion loss of the
Chebyshev case is ( 22N ) / 4 times of the
binomial response for    c
linear phase response is sometime

necessary to avoid signal distortion, there
is usually a tradeoff between the sharp-
cutoff response and linear phase response

Loss Method
a linear phase characteristic can be

achieved with the phase response
  
2N 

 (  )  A 1  p  
  c 
 

Loss Method
a group delay is given by
d    
2N
d   A 1  p( 2N  1)  
d   c  
 
this is also a maximally flat function,

therefore, signal distortion is reduced in
the passband

Loss Method
it is convenient to design the filter
prototypes which are normalized in
terms of impedance and frequency
the designed prototypes will be scaled in
frequency and impedance
lumped-elements will be replaced by
distributive elements for microwave
frequency operations

Loss Method
consider the low-pass filter prototype,
N=2
1 L
C R
Z in

Loss Method
assume a source impedance of 1  and a
cutoff frequency  c  1
4
PLR  1  
the input impedance is given by
R R ( 1  jRC)
Z in  jL   jL 
1  jRC 1   2 R 2 C2

Loss Method
the reflection coefficient at the source
impedance is given by
Z in  1

Z in  1
the power loss ratio is given by
PLR 
1
 1
1 |  |2
1
4R 
( 1  R ) 2  ( R 2 C 2  L2  2LCR 2 ) 2  L2 C 2 R
R 2 C 2  L2  2LCR 2 ) 2  L2 C 2 R 2 4 
Loss Method
compare this equation with the
maximally flat equation, we have
2
R=1, ( RC  L ) 0
which implies C = L as R = 1
2
( LC) / 4  1 which implies C = L = 2

Loss Method
for equal-ripple prototype, we have the
P  1  k 2T 2 (  )
power loss ratio LR 2
2 2 4 2
T
Since 2 ( x )  2x  1, PLR  1  k ( 4  4  1)
Compare this with

PLR  1 
1
4R 
(1  R ) 2  ( R 2C2  L2  2LCR 2 ) 2  L2C 2R 2 4 
 R ) 2  ( R 2C 2  L2  2LCR 2 ) 2  L2C2R 2 4 
Loss Method
we have k 2  ( 1  R ) 2 / ( 4R ) or
R  1  2k 2  2k 1  k 2
 4 k 2  ( R 2C 2  L2  2LCR 2 ) / 4R
4 k 2  L2C 2R 2 / 4R
note that R is not unity, a mismatch will result

if the load is R=1; a quarter-wave transformer
can be used to match the load

Loss Method
if N is odd, R = 1 as there is a unity power loss
ratio at  = 0 of N being odd
Table 9.4 can be used for equal-ripple low-pass
filter prototypes
Table 9.5 can be used for maximally flat time
delay low-pass filter prototypes
after the filter prototypes have been designed,
we need to perform impedance and frequency
scaling

Filter Transformations
impedance and frequency scaling
the source impedance is , the impedance

scaled quantities are:
L'  R o L , C'  C / R o , R 's  R o , R 'L  R o R L

both impedance and frequency scaling
L'k  R oL k /  c , C'k  Ck / ( R o c )
low-pass to high-pass transformation

c
 , C'  1 /  L , L'  R /  C
 k c k k o c k

Bandpass transmission
1   o  2  1
    ,   ,  o   1 2
  o   o
As a series indicator L k , is transformed

into a series LC with element values
L'k  L k /  o , C'k   / ( L k  o )
A shunt capacitor, C, kis transformed into a

shunt LC with element values
L'k   / Ck  o , C'k  Ck / (  o )
bandstop transformation
1
  o   2  1
     ,  ,  o   1 2
 o   o
A series indicator, L k , is transformed

into a parallel LC with element values
L'k  L k /  o , C'k  1 / ( L k  o )
A shunt capacitor, Ck , is transformed

into a series LC with element values
L'k  1 / Ck  o , C'k  Ck /  o
Filter Implementation
we need to replace lumped-elements by
distributive elements:
at c
jXL L SC
Zo=L
at c
jBc C OC
Zo=1/C
there are four Kuroda identities to
perform any of the following operations:
 physically separate transmission line stubs
 transform series stubs into shunt stubs, or
vice versa
 change impractical characteristic
impedances into more realizable ones

let us concentrate on the first two
a shunt capacitor can be converted to a
series inductor
Yo(1+Yo/Y1)
Y1 Yo Yo+Y1
Z1 Zo(1+Zo/Z1)
Zo Zo+Z1

Periodic Structures Image Parameter Method Insertion Loss Method Filter Transformation

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Lecture 8

Image Parameter Method

Insertion Loss Method

periodic structures have passband and

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 2

the ABCD matrix is composed by

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 4

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 5

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 6

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 7

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 8

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 9

if the the magnitude of the rhs is less than

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 10

as cosh function is always larger than 1,

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 11

therefore, depending on the frequency, the

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 12

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 14

Which is the usual result

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 15

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 16

when  = k, we have a TEM line

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 17

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 18

if Port 1 is terminated with Zi1, the input

both ports are terminated with matched

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 19

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 20

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 21

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 23

L/2 L/2 Z1/2 Z1/2

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 25

a high-pass filter can be obtained by

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 26

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 27

For the above T-network,

a nominal characteristic impedance Ro

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 29

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 30

For    c , Z iT is imaginary and we

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 31

when , the attenuation is slow,

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 32

the m-derived filter section is designed to

let us replace the impedances Z1 with

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 33

Z12 ' ' Z'12 ' m 2Z12

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 34

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 37

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 38

the image impedance method cannot

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 39

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 40

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 41

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 42

the first (2N-1) derivatives are zero for

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 43

equal ripple can be achieved by using a