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Lecture 1 Introduction To OS

This document provides an introduction to operating systems, describing their main components and functions. It discusses different types of operating systems used in mainframe systems, desktop systems, multiprocessor and distributed systems, clustered systems, real-time systems, and handheld systems. The key aspects covered include the definition of an operating system, its goals, the abstraction of system components, and characteristics of different computing environments.

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Marvin Bucsit
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803 views20 pages

Lecture 1 Introduction To OS

This document provides an introduction to operating systems, describing their main components and functions. It discusses different types of operating systems used in mainframe systems, desktop systems, multiprocessor and distributed systems, clustered systems, real-time systems, and handheld systems. The key aspects covered include the definition of an operating system, its goals, the abstraction of system components, and characteristics of different computing environments.

Uploaded by

Marvin Bucsit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO OS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
 What is an Operating System?
 Mainframe Systems

Operating System Concepts


 Desktop Systems

 Multiprocessor Systems

 Distributed Systems

 Clustered System

 Real -Time Systems

 Handheld Systems

 Computing Environments
WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?
 A program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the

Operating System Concepts


computer hardware.
 Operating system goals:
 Executeuser programs and make solving user
problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.

 Use
the computer hardware in an efficient
manner.
COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources
(CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the
use of the hardware among the various application

Operating System Concepts


programs for the various users.
3. Applications programs – define the ways in
which the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users (compilers,
database systems, video games, business
programs).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers).
ABSTRACT VIEW OF SYSTEM
COMPONENTS

user

Operating System Concepts


application

operating system

hardware
OPERATING SYSTEM DEFINITIONS
 Resource allocator – manages and allocates
resources.
 Control program – controls the execution of

Operating System Concepts


user programs and operations of I/O devices .
 Kernel – the one program running at all times
(all else being application programs).
 Code – is the general term that refers to the
instructions written in computer
programming language.
MAINFRAME SYSTEMS
 Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
 Automatic job sequencing – automatically

Operating System Concepts


transfers control from one job to another.
First rudimentary operating system.
 Resident monitor
 initial
control in monitor
 control transfers to job
 when job completes control transfers pack to
monitor
OS FEATURES NEEDED FOR MULTIPROGRAMMING

 I/O routine supplied by the system.


 Memory management – the system must
allocate the memory to several jobs.

Operating System Concepts


 CPU scheduling – the system must choose
among several jobs ready to run.
 Allocation of devices.
TIME-SHARING SYSTEMS
 The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept
in memory and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only
if the job is in memory).
 A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk.

Operating System Concepts


 On-line communication between the user and the system
is provided; when the operating system finishes the
execution of one command, it seeks the next “control
statement” from the user’s keyboard.
 On-line system must be available for users to access data
and code.
DESKTOP SYSTEMS
 Personal computers – computer system dedicated to a
single user.
 I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display screens, small
printers.

Operating System Concepts


 User convenience and responsiveness.

 Can adopt technology developed for larger operating


system’ often individuals have sole use of computer
and do not need advanced CPU utilization of
protection features.
 May run several different types of operating systems
(Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)
PARALLEL SYSTEMS
 Multiprocessor systems with more than on CPU
in close communication.
 Tightly coupled system – processors share

Operating System Concepts


memory and a clock; communication usually
takes place through the shared memory.
 Advantages of parallel system:
 Increased throughput
 Economical
 Increased reliability
 graceful degradation
 fail-soft systems
PARALLEL SYSTEMS (CONT.)
 Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
 Each processor runs and identical copy of the operating
system.
 Many processes can run at once without performance

Operating System Concepts


deterioration.
 Most modern operating systems support SMP

 Asymmetric multiprocessing
 Each processor is assigned a specific task; master
processor schedules and allocated work to slave
processors.
 More common in extremely large systems
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
 Distribute the computation among several physical
processors.
 Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own
local memory; processors communicate with one

Operating System Concepts


another through various communications lines, such as
high-speed buses or telephone lines.
 Advantages of distributed systems.
 Resources Sharing
 Computation speed up – load sharing
 Reliability
 Communications
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS (CONT)
 Requires networking infrastructure.
 Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area networks
(WAN)

Operating System Concepts


 May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems.
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF CLIENT-
SERVER

Operating System Concepts


CLUSTERED SYSTEMS
 Clustering allows two or more systems to share storage.
 Provides high reliability.

Operating System Concepts


 Asymmetric clustering: one server runs the application
while other servers standby.
 Symmetric clustering: all N hosts are running the
application.
REAL-TIME SYSTEMS
 Often used as a control device in a dedicated
application such as controlling scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial

Operating System Concepts


control systems, and some display systems.
 Well-defined fixed-time constraints.

 Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-


time.
REAL-TIME SYSTEMS (CONT.)
 Hard real-time:
 Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short
term memory, or read-only memory (ROM)

Operating System Concepts


 Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by
general-purpose operating systems.

 Soft real-time
 Limited utility in industrial control of robotics
 Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality)
requiring advanced operating-system features.
HANDHELD SYSTEMS
 Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
 Cellular telephones

Operating System Concepts


 Issues:
 Limited memory
 Slow processors
 Small display screens.
COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS
Computing Environment is a collection of computers /
machines, software, and networks that support the

Operating System Concepts


processing and exchange of electronic information meant
to support various types of computing solutions. Three
types includes:
 Traditional Computing
 Web-Based Computing
 Embedded Computing

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