Scribd
Upload
68 views21 pages

Ec8353-Electronics Devices and Circuits: Prepared by Mrs..G.KAVITHA, Ap/Ece

This document discusses feedback amplifiers and oscillators. It defines negative and positive feedback and describes their uses. Negative feedback has advantages like increased input impedance, decreased output impedance, and stabilized gain. A feedback amplifier is explained using a block diagram of its basic elements: input, output, sampling network, comparison network, and basic amplifier. Negative feedback increases bandwidth and makes the circuit performance less sensitive to variations. Oscillators like Wien bridge, Hartley, Colpitts, and crystal oscillators are also briefly mentioned.

Uploaded by

Solangkilisaravanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
68 views21 pages

Ec8353-Electronics Devices and Circuits: Prepared by Mrs..G.KAVITHA, Ap/Ece

This document discusses feedback amplifiers and oscillators. It defines negative and positive feedback and describes their uses. Negative feedback has advantages like increased input impedance, decreased output impedance, and stabilized gain. A feedback amplifier is explained using a block diagram of its basic elements: input, output, sampling network, comparison network, and basic amplifier. Negative feedback increases bandwidth and makes the circuit performance less sensitive to variations. Oscillators like Wien bridge, Hartley, Colpitts, and crystal oscillators are also briefly mentioned.

Uploaded by

Solangkilisaravanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

EC8353-ELECTRONICS DEVICES AND

CIRCUITS
PREPARED BY
Mrs..G.KAVITHA,
AP/ECE
UNIT-V
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS

Advantages of negative feedback – voltage /


current, series , Shunt feedback –positive
feedback – Condition for oscillations, phase shift –
Wien bridge, Hartley, Colpitts and Crystal
oscillators.
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
INTRODUCTION
 Feedback is one of the fundamental processes in electronics. It is defined
as the process whereby a portion of the output signal is fed to the input
signal in order to form a part of the system-output control.

 Feedback is used to make the operating point of a transistor insensitive


to both manufacturing variations in as well as temperature.

 There is another type of feedback called positive or regenerative feedback


in which the overall gain of the amplifier is increased. Positive feedback is
useful in oscillators and while establishing the two stable states of flip-
flop.
ADVANTAGE OF FEEDBACK SYSTEM
 The feedback system has many advantages especially in the
control of impedance levels, bandwidth improvement, and in
rendering the circuit performance relatively insensitive to
manufacturing as well as to environmental changes.

 These are the advantages of negative or degenerative feedback


in which the signal feedback from output to input is 180 out of
phase with the applied excitation. It increases bandwidth and
input impedance, and lowers the output impedance.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A BASIC FEEDBACK
AMPLIFIER
CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BLOCK
DIAGRAMS

The block diagram of a basic feedback amplifier consists of five


basic elements.

These are:
1. Input signals
2. Output signals
3. Sampling Network
4. Comparison or Summing Network.
5. Basic Amplifier
Basic elements of feedback amplifier
 InputSignal:
The signal source is modeled either by a voltage source Vs in series with a resistance Rs ,
or by a current source Is in parallel with a resistance Rs.

 Output Signal:
The output can either be the voltage across the load resistance or the current
through it. It is the output signal that is desired to be independent of the load and insensitive to
parameter variations in the basic amplifier.

 Sampling Network:
The function of the sampling network is to provide a measure of the output signal,
i.e., a signal that is proportional to the output. This configuration is called shunt connection.
In Fig.1 the output current is sampled and the output port of the feedback network is
connected in series with the load. This is a series connection.
MEASUREMENT OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT
BASIC ELEMENTS OF FEEDBACK AMPLIIFIERS
Comparison or Summing Network:

The two very common networks used for the summing of the input and
feedback signals are displayed in Fig. 2.
 The circuit shown in Fig. 2 is a series connection and it is used to compare
the signal voltage Vs and feedback signal Vf .

 The amplifier input signal Vi is proportional to the voltage difference Vs -Vf


that results from the comparison. A differential amplifier is used for comparison as its
output voltage is proportional to the difference between the signals at the two inputs.
 A shunt connection is shown in Fig.2 in which the source current Is and
feedback current If are compared. The amplifier input current Ii is proportional to the
difference Is If .
Basic elements of feedback amplifier:

Basic Amplifier:
• The basic amplifier is one of the important parts of the
feedback amplifier.
• The circuit amplifies the difference signal that
results from comparison and this process is responsible for de-
sensitivity and control of the output in a feedback system.
 A comparative study of the advantages and disadvantages of negative feedback
illustrates the basic properties of negative feedback.
 Negative feedback has the following advantages:
(i) Negative feedback increases the input impedance of the voltage amplifier.
(ii) The output impedance of the voltage amplifier can be further lowered by
negative feedback.
(iii) The transfer gain Af of the amplifier with a feedback can be stabilized
against the variations of h or hybrid parameters of the transistors, or the
parameters of the other active devices used in the amplifier.
(iv) Negative feedback increases the frequency response and the bandwidth
of the amplifier.
(v) Negative feedback increases the linear range of operation of the amplifier
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IDEAL FEEDBACK
AMPLIFER
Table of Signals and transfer ratios in feedback amplifiers
CALCULATIONS OF OPEN-LOOP GAIN, CLOSED-LOOP
GAIN & FEEDBACK FACTORS

• The input signal xs , the output signal xo , the


feedback signal xf and the difference signal xi each
represent either a voltage or a current.
The symbol indicated by the circle with the
summation sign enclosed within represents the
summing network whose output is the algebraic sum of
inputs.
• Thus, for a positive feedback, we get:
Xi = Xs + Xf ………………………………(1)
• The signal Xi , representing the output of the summing network is
the amplifier input Xi . If the feedback signal Xf is 180 out of
phase with the input Xs—as is true in negative feedback systems
—then Xi is a difference signal. Therefore, Xi decreases as | Xf |
increases.
The reverse transmission of the feedback network is defined
by:
β =Xf / Xa …………….(2)
The transfer function is a real number, but in general it is a function of frequency.
The gain of the basic amplifier A is defined as:
A=Xo /Xi …………..(3)
Now, from Eq. (9-1), we get: Xi =Xs / Xf
 Substituting the value of Xf from Eq. (9-2) as Xf Xo in Eq. (9-1), we get:
Xi =Xs+ Xf = Xs+β Xo .............(3a)
From Eq. (9-3) we get:: Xo= A*Xi …………….(3b)
Substituting the value of Xi from Eq. (9-3a), we get:
Xo = A*Xi = A(Xs+ Xo) = AXs+AβXo
or, Xo (1-Aβ) = AXs
Or, Xo /X s=A/(1-Aβ) …………….(3c)
The feedback gain Af is obtained from Eq. (9-3c) as:
Af = Xo /Xs = A/(1-Aβ) ……………….(4)
we can represent the feedback gain as:
Loop Gain or Return Ratio
• The signal ˆxi in fig. 4 is multiplied by gain A when
passing through the amplifier and by in transmission
through the feedback network. Such a path takes us
from the amplifier input around the loop consisting of
the amplifier and the feedback network. The product,
A, is called the loop gain or return ratio T.
Equation (4) can be written in terms of AOL and T as:
• For negative feedback, –A β= T > 0,We can give a physical
interpretation for the return ratio by considering the input signal
Xs = 0, and keeping
the path between Xi and Xˆi open. If a signal Xˆi is now applied
to the amplifier input, then Xi =Xf = Aβ.

• The return ratio is then the negative of the ratio of the feedback
signal to the amplifier input. Often the quantity
F= 1+Aβ= 1+T is referred to as the return difference. If negative
feedback is considered then both F and T are greater than
zero.
THANK U

You might also like