Communication Systems (EE-341)

Lecture-2
Introduction Part-2
Dr. Imtiaz Hussain
Associate Professor (Control Systems),
School of Electrical Engineering
DHA Suffa University, Karachi, Pakistan
email: [email protected]
URL :http://imtiazhussainkalwar.weebly.com/

5th Semester (Sec-5A)

Location GF-030
Monday-Wednesday-Friday 11:00 am

Note: I do not claim any originality in these lectures. The contents of this presentation are
mostly taken from the book Communication Systems, by Simon Haykin and various other
internet sources. 1
 Outline
• Elements of Electrical Communication System
– Analog Communication System
– Digital Communication System
• Transmission Media
– Guided Media
– Unguided Media

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 Electrical Communication System
• Electrical communication systems are designed to send messages or
information from a source that generates the messages to one or
more destinations.

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 Electrical Communication System
• In general, a communication system can be represented by the
functional block diagram shown in following Figure.

Information
Source and Input Transmitter Noise
Transducer

Channel

Output Output
Receiver
Signal Transducer

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 Electrical Communication System
• A transducer is usually required to convert the output of a source
into an electrical signal that is suitable for transmission.

• For example, a microphone serves as the transducer that converts

an acoustic speech signal into an electrical signal, and a video
camera converts an image into an electrical signal.

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 Electrical Communication System
• At the destination, a similar transducer is required to convert the
electrical signals that are received into a form that is suitable for the
user; e.g., acoustic signals, images, etc.

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 Electrical Communication System
• The heart of the communication system consists of three basic
parts, namely, the transmitter, the channel, and the receiver.

Transmitter

Channel

Receiver

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 Transmitter
• The transmitter converts the electrical signal into a form that
is suitable for transmission through the physical channel or
transmission medium.

• For example, in radio and TV broadcast, the Federal

Communications Commission (FCC in USA, PTA, FAB, in
Pakistan) specifies the frequency range for each transmitting
station.

• Hence, the transmitter must translate the information signal

to be transmitted into the appropriate frequency range that
matches the frequency allocation assigned to the transmitter.

• Thus, signals transmitted by multiple radio stations do not

interfere with one another. 8
 Transmitter
• In general, the transmitter performs the matching of the
message signal to the channel by a process called
modulation.

• Usually, modulation involves the use of the information

signal to systematically vary either the amplitude,
frequency, or phase of a sinusoidal carrier.

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 Transmitter
• For example, in AM radio broadcast, the information signal
that is transmitted is contained in the amplitude variations of
the sinusoidal carrier, which is the center frequency in the
frequency band allocated to the radio transmitting station.

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AM Transmission

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 Transmitter
• In FM radio broadcast, the information signal that is
transmitted is contained in the frequency variations of
the sinusoidal carrier.

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 Transmitter
• Thus, through the process of modulation, the
information signal is translated in frequency to match
the allocation of the channel.

• The choice of the type of modulation is based on several

factors, such as:
– amount of bandwidth allocated,
– types of noise and interference that the signal encounters in
transmission over the channel
– electronic devices that are available for signal amplification
prior to transmission.

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 Channel
• The communications channel is the physical medium
that is used to send the signal from the transmitter to
the receiver.

• In wireless transmission, the channel is usually the

atmosphere (free space).

• On the other hand, telephone channels usually employ

a variety of physical media, including copper wires and
optical fiber cables.
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 Channel
• Whatever the physical medium for signal transmission,
the essential feature is that the transmitted signal is
corrupted in a random manner by a variety of possible
mechanisms.

• The most common form of signal degradation comes in

the form of additive noise, which is generated at the
front end of the receiver, where signal amplification is
performed.

• This noise is often called thermal noise.

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 Channel
• In wireless transmission, additional additive
disturbances are man-made noise, and atmospheric
noise picked up by a receiving antenna.

– Automobile ignition noise is an example of man-made

noise.
– Electrical lightning discharges from thunderstorms is an
example of atmospheric noise.

• Interference from other users of the channel is

another form of additive noise that often arises in
both wireless and wireline communication systems.
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 Channel
• In the design of a communication system, the system
designer works with mathematical models that
statistically characterize the signal distortion
encountered on physical channels.

• Often, the statistical description that is used in a

mathematical model is a result of actual empirical
measurements obtained from experiments involving
signal transmission over such channels.

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 Receiver
• The function of the receiver is to recover the message
signal contained in the received signal.

• If the message signal is transmitted by carrier modulation,

the receiver performs carrier demodulation in order to
extract the message from the sinusoidal carrier.

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 Receiver
• Besides performing the primary function of signal
demodulation, the receiver also performs a number of
peripheral functions, including signal filtering and
noise suppression.

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 Receiver
• Since the signal demodulation is performed in the
presence of additive noise and possibly other signal
distortion, the demodulated message signal is generally
degraded to some extent by the presence of these
distortions in the received signal.

• The fidelity of the received message signal is a function

of
– Type of modulation,
– Strength of the additive noise
– Type of any non-additive interference.

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 Digital Communication System
• Up to this point we have described an electrical communication
system in rather broad terms based on the implicit assumption that
the message signal is a continuous time varying waveform.

• We refer to such continuous-time signal waveforms as analog signals

and to the corresponding information sources that produce such
signals as analog sources.

• Analog signals can be transmitted directly via carrier modulation over

the communication channel and demodulated accordingly at the
receiver.

• We call such a communication system an analog communication

system. 21
 Digital Communication System
• Alternatively, an analog source output may be converted into a
digital form and the message can be transmitted via digital
modulation and demodulated as a digital signal at the receiver.

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 Digital Communication System
• There are Some potential advantages to transmitting an
analog signal by means of digital modulation.

• The most important reason is that signal fidelity is better

controlled through digital transmission than analog
transmission.

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 Digital Communication System
• Following figure illustrates the functional diagram and the
basic elements of a digital communication system.

Information
Source and Source Channel Digital
Input Encoder Encoder Modulator
Transducer

Channel

Output
Signal Source Channel Digital
Output
Transducer Decoder Decoder demodulator

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 Digital Communication System
• The process of efficiently converting the output of either an
analog or a digital source into a sequence of binary digits is
called source encoding.

• The sequence of binary digits from the source encoder, which

we call the information sequence is passed to the channel
encoder.

• The purpose of the channel encoder is to introduce, in a

controlled manner, some redundancy in the binary information
sequence which can be used at the receiver to overcome the
effects of noise and interference encountered in the
transmission of the signal through the channel. 25
 Source Encoding
• The process of efficiently converting the output of either
an analog or a digital source into a sequence of binary
digits is called source encoding.

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 Channel Encoding
• A major feature of digital data transmission is the myriad
techniques used to protect data or speech through coding.

• Coding adds additional bits to the original payload to

provide a means of protecting the original information.

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 Digital Modulator
• The binary sequence at the output of the channel
encoder is passed to the digital modulator, which serves
as the interface to the communications channel.

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 Digital Modulator
• Since nearly all of the communication channels
encountered in practice are capable of transmitting
electrical signals (waveforms), the primary purpose of the
digital modulator is to map the binary information
sequence into signal waveforms.

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 Digital Demodulator
• At the receiving end of a digital communications system,
the digital demodulator processes the channel-
corrupted transmitted waveform and reduces each
waveform to a single number that represents an
estimate of the transmitted data symbol.

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 Channel Decoder
• Recovery

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 Source Decoder
• As- a final step, when an analog output is desired, the
source decoder accepts the output sequence from the
channel decoder and, from knowledge of the source
encoding method used, attempts to reconstruct the
original signal from the source.

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 Digital versus analog
• Advantages of digital communications:
– Regenerator receiver

Original Regenerated
pulse pulse

Propagation distance

– Different kinds of digital signal are treated identically.

Voice
Data A bit is a bit!
Media
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END OF LECTURE-2

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