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Restricting and Sorting Data

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86 views24 pages

Restricting and Sorting Data

jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj

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Restricting and Sorting Data

Limiting Rows Using a Selection


EMPLOYEES

“retrieve all
employees
in department 90”
Limiting the Rows Selected


Restrict the rows returned by using the WHERE
clause.
SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}
FROM table
[WHERE condition(s)];


The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.
Using the WHERE Clause

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id


FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 90 ;
Character Strings and Dates

Character strings and date values are enclosed in
single quotation marks.

Character values are case sensitive, and date
values are format sensitive.

The default date format is DD-MON-YY.
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Whalen';
Comparison Conditions

Operator Meaning

= Equal to

> Greater than

>= Greater than or equal to

< Less than

<= Less than or equal to

<> Not equal to


Using Comparison Conditions

SELECT last_name, salary


FROM employees
WHERE salary <= 3000;
Other Comparison Conditions

Operator Meaning

BETWEEN Between two values (inclusive),


...AND...

IN(set) Match any of a list of values

LIKE Match a character pattern

IS NULL Is a null value


Using the BETWEEN Condition

Use the BETWEEN condition to display rows based on


a range of values.
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500;

Lower limit Upper limit


Using the IN Condition

Use the IN membership condition to test for values


in
aSELECT
list. employee_id, last_name, salary, manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (100, 101, 201);
Using the LIKE Condition


Use the LIKE condition to perform wildcard
searches of valid search string values.

Search conditions can contain either literal
characters or numbers:
– % denotes zero or many characters.
– _ denotes one character.

SELECT first_name
FROM employees
WHERE first_name LIKE 'S%';
Using the LIKE Condition


You can combine pattern-matching characters.
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '_o%';


You can use the ESCAPE identifier to search for the
actual % and _ symbols.
Using the NULL Conditions

Test for nulls with the IS NULL operator.

SELECT last_name, manager_id


FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;
Logical Conditions

Operator Meaning

AND Returns TRUE if both component


conditions are true
OR Returns TRUE if either component
condition is true

NOT Returns TRUE if the following


condition is false
Using the AND Operator

AND requires both conditions to be true.


SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary >=10000
AND job_id LIKE '%MAN%';
Using the OR Operator

OR requires either condition to be true.


SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary >= 10000
OR job_id LIKE '%MAN%';
Using the NOT Operator
SELECT last_name, job_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id
NOT IN ('IT_PROG', 'ST_CLERK', 'SA_REP');
Rules of Precedence

Order Evaluated Operator


1 Arithmetic operators
2 Concatenation operator
3 Comparison conditions
4 IS [NOT] NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN
5 [NOT] BETWEEN
6 NOT logical condition
7 AND logical condition
8 OR logical condition
Override rules of precedence by using parentheses.
Rules of Precedence

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary


FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP'
OR job_id = 'AD_PRES'
AND salary > 15000;
ORDER BY Clause

Sort rows with the ORDER BY clause

ASC: ascending order, default

DESC: descending order

The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT
statement.
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date
FROM employees
ORDER BY hire_date ;

…
Sorting in Descending Order
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date
FROM employees
ORDER BY hire_date DESC ;

…
Sorting by Column Alias
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary*12 annsal
FROM employees
ORDER BY annsal;

…
Sorting by Multiple Columns


The order of ORDER BY list is the order of sort.
SELECT last_name, department_id, salary
FROM employees
ORDER BY department_id, salary DESC;


You can sort by a column that is not in the

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