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Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi: Web Site: E-Mail

This document contains a lecture on electric circuit analysis techniques. It introduces the nodal voltage method, which uses Kirchhoff's Current Law and node voltages as variables to write equations for circuits. The steps are to select a reference node, assign voltages to other nodes, apply KCL at each node, and solve the equations. Super-nodes can be used to combine two nodes separated by a voltage source. Examples show applying these steps to solve for node voltages and current in circuits with voltage and current sources.

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Magdi Saadawi
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58 views21 pages

Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi: Web Site: E-Mail

This document contains a lecture on electric circuit analysis techniques. It introduces the nodal voltage method, which uses Kirchhoff's Current Law and node voltages as variables to write equations for circuits. The steps are to select a reference node, assign voltages to other nodes, apply KCL at each node, and solve the equations. Super-nodes can be used to combine two nodes separated by a voltage source. Examples show applying these steps to solve for node voltages and current in circuits with voltage and current sources.

Uploaded by

Magdi Saadawi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫رب اشرح لى صدرى ويسر لى أمرى واحلل عقدة‬


‫من لسانى يفقهوا قولى‬
‫صدق هللا العظيم‬

Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi


Web site: www.saadawi1.net

E-mail : [email protected]

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 1


Electrical & ELECTRONIC
Engineering
Course Code: EE 5214
Lecture : 3

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 2


Chapter 3

Techniques
of Electric Circuits

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 3


Introduction
We have analyzed relatively simple resistive circuits by
applying Kirchhoff’s laws in combination with Ohm’s
law.
We can use this approach for all circuits, but as they
become structurally more complicated and involve more
and more elements, this direct method soon becomes
cumbersome. ‫مرهقة‬

In this chapter we will discus other techniques for


simplify circuits.
October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 4
3.1 Nodal Voltage Method
If you are given the following circuit, how can we
determine (1) the voltage across each resistor, (2) current
through each resistor. (3) power generated by each current
source, etc.

What are the things which we need to know in order


to determine the answers?
October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 5
3.1 Nodal Voltage Method
• It is based on finding the voltages at each node in
the circuit using Kirchhofff’s current law.
• A node is the junction of two or more component.
• This method uses the essential nodes of the circuit
• The first step is to make a neat layout of the
circuit so that no branches cross over.
• We need number of node voltage equations less
than the number of essential nodes by one.

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 6


Steps for the node voltage method
• Step 1. Determine the number of nodes.
• Step 2. Select one node as a reference. All voltages will
be relative to the reference node. Assign voltage
designations to each node where the voltage is unknown.
• Step 3. Assign currents at each node where the voltage is
unknown, except at the reference node. The directions
are arbitrary.
• Step 4. Apply Kirchhoff’s current law to each node
where currents are assigned.
• Step 5. Express the current equations in terms of
voltages, and solve the equations for the unknown node
voltages using Ohm’s law. 7
Things we need to know in solving any resistive circuit
with current and voltage sources only:

• Kirchhoff’s Current Laws (KCL)


• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Laws (KVL)
• Ohm’s Law

How should we apply these laws to determine


the answers?
October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 8
It provides a general procedure for
analyzing circuits using node voltages as
the circuit variables.

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 9


Steps to determine the node voltages:

1. Select a node as the reference node.


2. Assign voltages v1,v2,…,vn-1 to the remaining n-1
nodes. The voltages are referenced with respect to the
reference node.
3. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference nodes.
Use Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in
terms of node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain
the unknown node voltages.

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 10


Apply KCl at node 1
and 2 v1 v2

v1 = -2V, v2 = -14V

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 11


Example:

(a) For the circuit shown in Figure, use the node-voltage method to find v1,
v2, and i1.

(b) How much power is delivered to the circuit by the 15 A source.

(c) Repeat (b) for the 5 A source.

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 12


Solution:

(a) The two node voltage equations are:

Place these equations in standard form:

Solving, v1 = 60 V and v2 = 10 V;

Therefore, i1 = (v1 − v2 )/5 = 10 A

(b) P15A = − (15 A)v1 = − (15 A)(60 V) = − 900 W = 900 W(delivered)

(c) P5A = (5 A)v2 = (5 A)(10 V) = 50 W= − 50 W(delivered)

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 13


Example:

(a) Use the node – voltage method to find the power associated with each
source in the circuit shown.

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 14


Solution

Solving, v1 = 32 V; v2 = 16 V; i1 = 3 A

Using these values to calculate the power associated with each source:

P50V = − 50i1 = − 150 W

P5A = − 5(v2 ) = − 80 W

P3i1 = 3i1 (v2 − v1 ) = − 144 W

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 15


Example –circuit with independent voltage source

How to handle the 2V voltage source?

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 16


A super-node is formed by enclosing a
(dependent or independent) voltage source
connected between two non-reference nodes and
any elements connected in parallel with it.

*Note: We analyze a circuit with super-nodes


using the same three steps mentioned above
except that the super-nodes are treated
differently.

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 17


October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 18
we consider nodes 2 and 3 to be a single node and simply sum the
currents away from the node in terms of the node voltages v2 and v3.

Considering nodes 2 and 3 to be a supernode


When a voltage source is between two essential nodes, we can combine
those nodes to form a supernode.

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 19


First we eliminate v1 from the equation because we know that v1
=50 V. Next we express v3 as a function of v2:

v3 = v2 + 10iϕ

We now express the current controlling the dependent voltage


source as a function of the node voltages:

v1 = 50V

v3 = 60 + 20 = 80 V.

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 20


Thank You
And
Any Question?

October 5, 2020 Prof. Dr. Magdi El-Saadawi 21

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