ZIGBEE WIRLESS

MESH
SUBMITTED
BY:
SHIVANGI
BAGHERWAL
17MI455
ECE(Dual Degree)
SEM 6th
AGENDA
1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Features
4. Characteristics
5. Content
NetworkHere Topologies
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6. Zigbee Devices
Content Here

7.GetZigbee Stack
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8.Content
Comparison
Here
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9. Applications
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For the last few years, we've witnessed a great expansion of remote control devices in our day-to-day
life. To interact with all these remotely controlled devices, we'll need to put them under a single
standardized control interface that can interconnect into a network, specifically a HAN or home-area
network. One of the most promising HAN protocols is ZigBee, a software layer based on the IEEE 802.1
5.4 standard.
Reliable data delivery is critical to ZigBee applications. The underlying IEEE 802.15.4 standard provides
strong reliability through several mechanisms at multiple layers. IEEE 802.1 5.4 is a standard defined by
the IEEE for low-rate, wireless personal area networks (WPANs). This standard defines the "physical
INTRODUC
layer" and the "medium access layer. " The specification for the physical layer defines a low-power
spread spectrum radio operating at 2.4 GHz with a basic bit rate of 250 kilobits per second.
TION
 WHAT IS ZIGBEE

ZigBee is a home-area network designed specifically to replace

the proliferation of individual remote controls. ZigBee's
possibilities go far beyond light switches. ZigBee was created to
satisfy the market's need for a cost-effective, standards-
based wireless network that supports low data rates, low power
consumption, security, and reliability, which is suitable for
operation in harsh radio environments and in isolated locations.

The term "ZigBee" originates from honeybees' method of

communicating newfound food sources. This silent-but-powerful
communication system is known as the "ZigBee Principle." By
dancing in the erratic zigging patterns the bee is able to share
critical information, such as the location, distance, and
direction. This is evocative of the invisible webs of connections
existing in a fully wireless environment.
 OBJECTIVES
The network is self-configuring, and does

1
not require the assistance of a network
specialist just to send a packet from one The network does not require
end to the other sophisticated planning and site mapping to
achieve reliable communications. There is

All devices are able to transmit from

where they are originally, and do not
2 no need for specialized, expensive labour
to complete the installation.

have to be moved. A weak signal or "dead

zone" can be fixed simply by dropping a
repeater node in place. 3 Compared to the cost of specialized

4
knowledge that's required to install
traditional wireless systems, or the cost
The network error rate is very low
of point-to-point copper wiring and
(under 0.1% in the example cited above)
conduit, ZigBee is must less expensive.

5
and can be further reduced if occasional
re-transmits are allowed.
FEATURES
 1. 2. 3.
Low power consumption. ROBUST High density of nodes per
simply implemented network

Users expect batteries to last IEEE802.15.4 provides a robust ZigBee’s use of the IEEE
many months to years! Consider foundation for ZigBee, ensuring a 802.15.4 PHY and MAC allows
that a typical single family reliable solution in noisy networks to handle any number
house has about 6 smoke/CO environments. Features such as of devices. This attribute is
detectors. If the batteries for energy detection, clear channel critical for massive sensor arrays
each one only lasted six assessment and channel selection and control networks.
months, the home owner would help the device pick best possible
be replacing batteries every channel. Finally, multiple levels of
month security ensure that network and
data remain intact and secure.
 4. 5. 6.
Low cost Mesh Networking Interoperability

Low cost to the users means The ability to cover large areas ZigBee Alliance helps ensure
low device cost, low installation with routers is one of the key interoperability between
cost and low maintenance. features of ZigBee that helps
vendors by creating testing
ZigBee devices allow batteries differentiate itself from other
to last upto years using primary technologies. Mesh networking
and certification programs for
cells without any chargers. can extend the range of the ZigBee devices. Users can be
ZigBee's simplicity allows for network through routing, while assured the devices that go
inherent configuration and self healing increases the through certification testing
redundancy of network devices reliability of the network by re- and use the ZigBee logo will
provides low maintenance. routing a message in case of a work with other devices based
node failure. on the same applications.
 Characteristics
Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz)
Data rates of 250 kbps (@2.4 GHz), 40 kbps (@ 91 5 MHz), and 20 kbps (@868 MHz)
Optimized for low duty-cycle applications (<0.1%)

CSMA-CA channel access:

• Yields high throughout and low latency for low duty cycle devices like sensors and controls
• Low power (battery life multi-month to years)

Multiple topologies: star, peer-to-peer, mesh

Addressing space of up to:

• 18,450,000,000,000,000,000 devices (64 bit IEEE address)
• 65,535 networks
Optional guaranteed time slot for applications requiring low latency
Fully hand-shake protocol for transfer reliability

Range: 50m typical (5-500m based on environment)

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
STAR TOPOLOGY MESH TOPOLOGY CLUSTER TREE

The star network is Mesh enable high degree This type of network
commonly used, having of reliability. They have a topology is essentially
the advantage of variety of nodes placed a combination of star
simplicity. As name as needed, & nodes within and mesh topologies.
suggests it is formed range being able to That’s why it is also
in a star configuration communicate with each referred as Hybrid
with outlying nodes other to form a mesh. Topology.
communicating with a There is a choice of
central node. routes that can be used
and this makes the
network very robust. If
interference is present in
a section, then another
can be used instead.
 ZIGBEE STACK

The ZigBee stack is small in comparison to other wireless standards. For network-edge
devices with limited capabilities, the stack requires about 4Kb of the memory. Full
implementation of the protocol stack takes less than 32Kb of memory.
The network coordinator may require extra RAM for a node devices database and for
transaction and pairing tables. The 802.1 5.4 standard defines 26 primitives for the
PHY and MAC layers; probably another dozen will be added after finalizing the NWK
layer specification.
Those numbers are still modest compared to 131 primitives defined for Bluetooth. Such
a compact footprint enables you to run ZigBee on a simple 8-bit microcontroller such as
an HC08 or 8051 based processor core.
Zigbee Stack Architecture

 As can be seen in the figure on the next slide, IEEE 802.15.4 develops the
Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer and Physical (PH Y) Layer, which address
such things as the frequency and data rate specifications.
 The Physical Layer also allows for two types of devices:
1. Full function devices (FFD’s)
2. Reduced function devices (RFD’s)
 ZigBee, meanwhile, develops the Network Layer and Application Layer, which
includes the Applications Support Sublayer, the ZigBee Device Object, and the
Security Services.
 The Network Layer and Application Layer are more specific than the IEEE layers
and involve such things as how a ZigBee network is to be set up, how the devices
in the network relate to one another, and so on.
FIG:
ZIGBEE STACK
ARCHITECTURE
Z
1.
IGBEE
DEVICES
The network coordinator maintains overall network knowledge.
It's the most sophisticated of the three types and requires the
most memory and computing power.

The full function device (FFD) supports all 802.1 5.4 functions
and features specified by the standard. It can function as a
2. network coordinator. Additional memory and computing power
make it ideal for network router functions or it could be used in
network-edge devices (where the network touches the real
world).

3. The reduced funcüon device (RFD) carries limited (as specified

by the standard) functionality to lower cost and complexity.
It's generally found in network-edge devices.
COMPARISON
 Bluetooth v/s Zigbee

BLUETOOTH ZIGBEE
 Bluetooth focuses on connectivity  ZigBee is designed to provide highly
between large packet user devices, efficient connectivity between small
such as laptops, phones, and major packet devices.
peripherals.  Zigbee has simplified operations.
 It has more complex operations.  It is extremely competitive, with
 It is expensive and provides less full nodes available for a fraction of
facilities. the cost of a Bluetooth node.
 Bluetooth devices have a larger  ZigBee devices are actively limited
pipeline of 1 Mbps, operating on the to a through-rate of 250Kbps
2.4 GHz ISM band
 Wi-Fi v/s Zigbee

Wi-Fi ZIGBEE
 Wi-Fi uses a ton of power to provide  Zig Bee uses almost no power to
a torrent of data. provide a trickle.
 Wi-Fi uses a single central router to  ZigBee builds up coverage out of
radiate its coverage. small nodes that join together into a
 Wi-Fi has a data rate of 20Mbps or network.
more.  ZigBee has a data rate of 250kbps.
 APPLICATIONS
Lighting controls &
Automatic Meter Reading

Industrial and building automation Wireless smoke and CO detectors

HVAC control & Heating control

Medical sensing and monitoring

Universal Remote Control to a Set-Top Box which includes Home Control

 CONCLUSION
Multi-hop mesh technology like that supported by the ZigBee standard, however, is inherently reliable,
redundant, and can be extended to include thousands of devices. Real-world examples cited in this paper
demonstrate that ZigBee mesh networks can be installed in hours instead of days or weeks and that these
networks are highly dependable.
Furthermore, flexible, self-configuring, self-healing ZigBee networks are inherently less expensive to
install and maintain. Hence, a significant barrier to low-cost connectivity has been removed.
Thank You