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Genetic Engineering

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Geonyzl L. Alviola
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107 views43 pages

Genetic Engineering

Uploaded by

Geonyzl L. Alviola
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Genetic Engineering

Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson you should be able to

1. Define Genetic Engineering


2. Outline the process of genetic engineering involving
some or all of the following: isolation, cutting,
transformation, introduction of base sequence
changes and expression
3. Know three applications: one plant, one animal, one
micro-organism
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA)
technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism.

Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling


breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits.

Genetic engineering involves the direct manipulation of one or more genes.


Most often, a gene from another species is added to an organism's genome
to give it a desired phenotype.

THE SIMPLE ADDITION, DELETION, OR MANIPULATION OF


A SINGLE TRAIT IN AN ORGANISM TO CREATE A DESIRED
CHANGE.
Genetic Engineering
What you need to know

 Manipulation and alteration of genes


 Three applications: one plant, one animal, one micro-organism

 Process involving :
isolation,
transformation,
expression
Genetic Engineering
Is:
Artificially copying a piece of DNA from one
organism and joining this copy of DNA into the
DNA of another organism

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Purpose of Genetic Engineering

It allows genes from one organism to be inserted into a cell of a


different organism of a different species.

Examples:
– Human genes can be inserted into a bacterium
– Human genes can be inserted into cells from other
animals
– Bacterium genes can be inserted into plant cells
Genetic Engineering
 Genetic engineering means that DNA from different
organisms can be combined

 Bacteria can be engineered to produce human proteins

 Human genes can be inserted into other animals


Genetic Engineering - Overview

 The altered DNA is called recombinant DNA


 Recombinant DNA is joined to other unrelated
DNA in the organism
 This is called gene splicing.
- tiny segments of a gene are taken out and
replaced by different genes
Learning Check
1. What is Genetic Engineering?

2. What is the purpose of Genetic Reengineering?

3. Give three examples of Genetic Engineering

4. What is the difference between altered and recombinant DNA?

5. What is meant by gene splicing?


Transgenic Organisms
 Organisms altered by genetic engineering.

 Genetic material changed by other than random natural


breeding

 Gene transfer
-moving a gene from one organism to another.
What Transgenic means?
 'Trans-' means 'crossing from one place to another‘

 The '-genic' bit means genes

 So it means that bits of genes from different living


things have been bolted together and spliced into
another organism to make a new one which does
something which the scientists want it to do.
Examples of Transgenic Organisms

 GMO- genetically modified organism


 GEO-genetically enhanced organism

For example
Plants that resists a particular type of weed killer
Sheep which makes some special substance in its milk.

Antifreeze strawberry

https://www.healthproductsguru.com
Learning Check
1. What the word transgenic mean?

2. What is a transgenic organism?

3. Give examples of transgenic organisms


5 Stages involved in GE

1. Isolation

2. Cutting

3. Ligation and Insertion

4. Transformation

5. Expression
1. Isolation
(a) Isolation of a specific gene from donor e.g. human

• Cells broken open


• Genetic probe added

• Reveals position of the gene of interest

Genetic probe

Position of
gene of
interest

Donor DNA
1. Isolation
(b) Isolation of plasmid from a bacterial cell
Bacterial cell

Plasmid

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2. Cutting
 Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut DNA at
specific sites called restriction sites

Restriction site
Restriction
site Restriction
ezymes

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2. Cutting
18
Restriction site Restriction site
Donor DNA

Plasmid
Restriction
enzymes
© Biology Support Service 2007
Cutting

Donor DNA

Plasmid Sticky Ends


DNA Ligase

http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/pages/Chap10.html#Sticky_ended_cut

Ligation –rejoining cut fragments of DNA and


forming artificial recombinant molecules
Ligation and Insertion
4. Transformation

Recombinant DNA introduced into bacterial cell

Bacterial
cell
Bacterial
chromosome

Recombinant DNA
5. Expression
Bacterial cell reproduces by Binary Fisson

Bacterial cell produces the polypeptide

Coded for by the donor DNA


Summary of steps
Donor DNA
Plasmid

1. Cut with restriction


enzymes

Donor DNA

Sticky
Ends

2. Ligase bonds
sticky ends Recombinant DNA
together
Expression
 Expression
is getting the organism with the
recombinant DNA to produce the desired
protein

 Whenthe protein is produced in large


amounts it is isolated and purified
Learning Check
1. What are the stages involved in GE?

2. Outline what happens in the stage isolation ?

3. What enzyme is used to cut the DNA?

4. Can you explain what happens in transformation?

5. What is meant by gene expression?


Animals used in GE
 The human gene to clot blood has been inserted into
the DNA of sheep

 Sheepproduce human clotting factor needed for


Haemophiliacs in their milk

 Goats produce a protein to treat emphysema


Applications (Micro-organisms) 28

Production of humulin

www.healthtap.com

Used by diabetics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glt8iAqK8NQ
Plant Application 30

Golden Rice – a possible solution to


Vitamin A deficiency.
Applications of Genetic Engineering
 Pharming
 Gene pharming is a technology that scientists use to alter
an animal's own DNA, or to splice in new DNA, called a
transgene, from another species.
 In pharming, these genetically modified (transgenic)
animals are mostly used to make human proteins that
have medicinal value. The protein encoded by the
transgene is secreted into the animal's milk, eggs or
blood, and then collected and purified.
Tracy the Sheep
 One of the first mammals engineered successfully for the
purpose of pharming was a sheep named Tracy,
 born in 1990 and created by scientists led by British
developmental biologist Ian Wilmut at Roslin Institute in
Scotland.
 Tracy was created from a zygote genetically engineered
through DNA injection to produce milk containing large
quantities of the human enzyme alpha-1 antitrypsin,
 Alpha -1 antitypsin, a substance used to treat cystic fibrosis
and emphysema
Xenotransplantation
 Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of living cells,
tissues or organs from one species to another.
 However there are ethical issues and issues with rejection
 There are also issues with virus transmission from one species to
another
 Porcine islet transplants are being investigated for use in type 1
diabetes due to the shortage of human islet cells
Gene Therapy
 It involves modifying human DNA either to
repair it or to replace a faulty gene.

 The idea of gene therapy is to overcome the


effects of a mutation which causes a genetic
disease.

 Cystic fibrosis is the best known disease


where gene therapy has been tried.
Diagnostic Tests
Genetic engineering can produce very specific and
sensitive diagnostic tests for many diseases, using
engineered proteins.

This new technology is also opening up novel


ways of delivering medicines to specific targets.
Vaccines
 Genetically engineered
microbes can be used to
produce the antigens needed
in a safe and controllable
way.
 The use of genetically
modified yeast cells to
produce a vaccine against
the hepatitis B virus has
been a major success story.
Plants
 Weedkiller resistant crops
- Weeds die but the crops survive
 Vitamin A in Rice
- The gene which produces vitamin A was taken
from daffodils and put into rice to help
prevent blindness
Micro organisms
 Bacteria can make human insulin

 This prevented many diabetics from


getting an allergic reaction to animal
insulin

 Bacteria make interferon which can fight


virus infections and some cancers
Recommended videos:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glt8iAqK8NQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TmcXYp8xu4
CRISPR

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAhjPd4uNFY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sH4bi60alZU
Gene therapy
Thank you

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