Patterns

Of
Development
(Definition, Exemplification, Description, Narrative,
Listing, Comparison-contrast,
Classification/Division, Cause and effect, Problem-
solution, Persuasion)
Patterns of Development- it is the logical
arrangement of ideas. The pattern helps us follow
ideas easily and understand a text better. Having the
ability to recognize, it will help us distinguish major
details from minor ones and predict ideas. There
different patterns by which ideas are developed. In
determining the pattern of development of ideas in a
text, note the signal words used. These signal words
may help us identify the pattern of development, but
it is important that you understand the meaning of the
text.
Definition- It helps clarify and explain concepts by answering
the question “What does it mean?” This explains the
information through the use of illustration, examples, and
descriptions. It may include one or more different patterns.
Take note of the term to be defined and the detailed
explanation of the term. You can a spider map to better
understand a definition text.
Signal words for Definition
Is defined as Means To define
As defined Refers to To illustrate
Patterns of Definition:
A. Term to be defined ˖ verb to be ˖ General class ˖ relative pronoun˖ Specific
characteristics
A friend is a person who cares for
you.

B. General class ˖ Relative pronoun ˖ Specific characters ˖ verb to be ˖ Term defined

A person who cares for you is a friend.
A good definition:
tells readers what term is being defined
presents a clear and a precise basic information
Uses examples to show what the writer means
Uses words and examples that readers will understand
 The viola is a stringed instrument in the
violin family. It is only slightly larger than
the violin and is tuned at a lower pitch.
Like its smaller relative, the viola is held
on the shoulder under the chin and is
played with a bow. While the violin has
many uses, the viola is used mainly in
orchestral and chamber music.
Social engineering is defined as any method which
tricks people to share personal information
through the use of technology. The ‘social’
component in this scheme means that there is
reliance on various psychological tricks and on the
gullibility of users rather than technical hacking.
Social engineering also refers to various malicious
acts online, such as publishing, spanning, and
pretexting
Exemplification-presents the general statement and then
provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the
main idea. Pay attention to the main idea and specific
examples, as these are the most important parts of this
pattern. You can use spider map to better understand an
exemplification text.
Signal words for Exemplification
After all For instance Namely That is
As an example In other words Put another To be specific
way
Consider the In particular Specifically To clarify
following
For example In short Stated To illustrate
differently
 Many superstitions are so widespread and so old that
they must have risen from a depth of human mind that
is different to race or creed. Orthodox Jews place a
charm on their doorpost; so do (or did) the Chinese.
Some peoples of Middle Europe believe that when a
man sneezes, his soul, for that moment, is absent from
his body, and they hasten to bless him, lest he should
be seized by the Devil. How did the Melanesians come
by the same idea? Superstition seems to have a link
with some body or belief that far antedates the
religions we know—religions which have no place for
such comforting little ceremonies and charities.
While the internet offers so many benefits to man, it also has
its downsides. One of these is phishing, which refers to the act
of obtaining personal information, such as passwords and
credit card details, through online means. In other words,
phishing is a form of cybercrime. As an example, let us
consider the case of Mr. X. he received an email stating that
his Gmail account has been compromised and that he needed
to click a link to update personal information. If Mr. X on the
link, his personal information will be illegally acquired by
cybercriminals.
Description (Sensory and spatial)- It provides details on
the idea by using either a sensory or spatial pattern. Through a
sensory pattern, ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five
senses. A Spatial pattern, on the other hand, arranges by location or
physical space. A concept map can be used to understand descriptive
text.
Signal words for Spatial Pattern or Visual Descritption
Above Around Between In front of Onto
across Away from Beyond Inside Opposite to
Adjacent to Back of By Into Outside
Against Behind Down Near Over
Along Below Farther Off Throughout
Alongside Beneath Here On To the right
Amidst Beside In On top of under
 The dirt of the girls’ cotton dresses continued on
their legs, feet , arms, and faces to make them all of
a piece. Their greasy uncolored hair hung down,
uncombed, with a grim finality. I knelt to see them
better, to remember them for all time. The tears that
had slipped down my dress left unsurprising dark
spots, and made the front yard blurry and even more
unreal. The world had taken a deep breath and was
having doubts about continuing to revolve.
A laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a
lightweight device that can save a vast amount of information. The
screen, touchpad, speakers, keyboard, battery and AC adapter are the
basic parts of a laptop. The most noticeable part of a laptop is its screen,
which is responsible for displaying information. Another major
component is the keyboard. On it are the keys needed to enter data into
the computer. Near the keyboard you will find a smooth, rectangular
surface which acts like a desktop computer mouse---this is the touchpad.
At the bottom part of this rectangular surface, you will see buttons that
operate like a mouse button. Below the keyboard and touchpad, built
into the laptop itself are the speakers which allow you to hear sounds
and music. Found at the back of the keyboard is the battery; it serves as
the lifeline of the computer. Finally, a laptop also comes with an AC
adapter which charges the battery and serves as the source of electric
power when it is plugged in.
 
Narrative (Chronology/ procedure)- it organizes or events
according to time. It can either be in the order in which the form narration
or a process. A narration sequences events in the order in which they
occurred in time, while a process organizes details based on stages or steps.
The most essential parts of this pattern are the main idea, major dates and
events such as the final outcome, major steps/stages, and, of course, the
order of the presentation. To better comprehend the text that follows a
chronological or procedural pattern ,a chain of events or a cycle can be
used.
Signal words for Chronology
About Before In the mean time prior to Tomorrow
After During Later Second Until
Afterwards Eventually Meanwhile Soon When
As soon as Finally Next Then Yesterday
At First Next week Till
At this/that point Immediately Presently today
Ondoy began to develop from an active low pressure area to a tropical cyclone
on September 24, 2009. The following day, PAGASA raised storm signal all over
the Philippine Archipelago. At that point, signal no.2 was raised in
Catanduanes and other parts of Luzon. By Saturday morning reports of flooding
started to pour in. Meanwhile, President Arroyo declared a state of calamity in
Metro Manila. Immediately after President Arroyo’s declaration, various
government agencies began the rescue and relief operations. As soon as
typhoon Ondoy exited the Philippines, more and more relief and rescue
operations were conducted.

During flooding, one thing that may probably save your life is an improvised
flotation device. You can make one using your pants. First, knot off the leg
holes of your pants. Then, hold the open waist and swing the pants around to
fill the legs with air. Promptly knot off the waist to trap the air and hold pants
underwater so that the air would not escape.
 
 Around 2 a.m. something woke Charles Hansons up. He lay in the dark
listening. Something felt wrong. Outside, crickets sang, tree-frogs
chirruped. Across the distant forest floated two muffled hoots from a
barred owl. It was too quiet. At home in New Jersey, the nights are filled
with the busy, comforting sounds of traffic. You always have the comforting
knowledge that other people are all around you. And light: At home he can
read in bed by the glow of the streetlight. It was too quiet and much too
dark. Even starlight failed to penetrate the 80-foot canopy of trees the
camper was parked beneath. It was the darkest dark he had ever seen. He
felt for the flashlight beside his bunk. It was gone. He found where his pants
were hanging and, as he felt the pockets for a box of matches, something
rustled in the leaves right outside the window, inches from his face. He
heard his wife, Wanda, hold her breath; she was awake, too. Then,
whatever was outside in the darkness also breathed, and the huge silence of
the night seemed to come inside the camper, stifling them. It was then he
decided to pack up and move to a motel.
Listing- This organizes using enumeration. Unlike a chronological
pattern, listing does not require the items to be sequenced
chronologically because it does not have the element of time. It basically
presents a series if items (facts, examples, features, reasons, and tips)
that support a main idea. Make sure to pay attention to these essential
aspects when writing down your notes.

Signal Words for Listing

Additionally And then Further Likewise
Again Another Furthermore Moreover
Along with As well In addition Next
Also Besides In the same way Together with
And Equally important
Picking the right career is such a daunting task because it pits passion
against reality. Would you choose the profession you love or would you
choose a more lucrative profession? Some find a hard time choosing at
first, so do not be surprised if you see people shift careers several times
before they achieve success. On this note, here are some tips to help
you choose the right career. Identify your interest. Are you fascinated
with numbers, arts, sciences, human behavior, computer technology, or
teaching? Try to process as well your reason for choosing a particular
career; you can also factor in the financial component during this stage.
Another thing that you can do is to focus on and learn everything about
your chosen career. If you want to be a doctor, know exactly what a
doctor does and check whether you can handle this type of profession. In
addition, try to visualize yourself five or ten years from now, and develop
a plan to achieve the goal in your mind. Remember not to rely on luck
when it comes to your career; instead, make reasoned decisions based on
what you want.
Comparison-contrast- This pattern organizes based on
how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to
or different from one another. There are two ways on how
ideas can be arranged: Separately, which involves describing
one item first followed by the second item; Side-by-side,
which means discussing both items based on each point of
comparison. Concentrate on the most important parts of a
comparison-contrast pattern: the purpose of comparison, points
of comparison, and the actual similarities and differences of
the items being compared. Try using Venn Diagram or a
compare/contrast matrix to better understand this pattern of
development.
 Signal words for Comparing
Also Equally In the same way Similarity
As In a similar fashion Like To compare

Signal Words for Contrast

Although Despite of Instead Otherwise

And yet Even so However Still

As opposed to Even though Nevertheless The fact remains

But In contrast Nonetheless Unlike

Conversely In spite of On the contrary Whereas

Counter to In the meantime On the other hand yet

 Are you not sure yet which phone to buy? To help you decide,
this review will inspect the basic similarities and differences of the
flagship phones of two giant companies: Apple’s iPhone 6 and
Samsung’s Galaxy S5. Both brag to be the best smart phones in the
market to date. While these state-of-the-art phones have similarities
in the form of their sleek design, multi-touch touch screen, and
multimedia features, they have their distinctive features as well.
First, Galaxy S5 has a larger screen at 5.1 inches a compared to
iPhone 6’s 4.7 inches. As for the operating system, iPhone 6 uses
iOS (8.x) while S5 uses android (5.0, 4.4.2). In terms of the camera,
S5 has a 2.1-megapixel front-pacing camera which is higher that
iPhone’s 1.2 megapixels. Unlike S5, iPhone’s battery is not user-
replaceable and has a shorter talk time, but when it comes to built-
in storage, Iphone 6 outperforms S5. Now that you know the basic
differences of the two phones, you can decide!
As broad as their sounds are, there are several very distinct similarities and differences
between electric and acoustic guitars. For instance, both utilize the use of a body for the
neck to attach to and a neck with frets for finger placement. The strings attach to the lower
end of the body go all the way to the head, or the top of the neck. They both use strings
that vary in gauge, or size, which are vital to produce sound when they are picked,
hammered on, or strummed as a group. Similarly, each is tuned in in the same manner to
produce the proper tone desired. An acoustic guitar needs no amplifier to make its sound
loud enough to be heard. An acoustic guitar uses the body of the guitar as its amplifier.
Because the body is very thick and hollow it is able to project its own natural sound loudly.
This makes it very portable and capable of being played virtually anywhere. An acoustic
guitar doesn’t need any foot pedals, volume and tone knobs, or any other hardware like that
to produce the sound it makes. An electric guitar requires the use of an amplifier to
transport the sound though pickups hat are secured in the body. These sounds are
transferred through a cable connected to a guitar. The cable then goes to the amplifier that
produces the sounds out of the speakers. Volume and tone knobs on the electric guitar can
make it louder or change the sound of the strings being played. Additionally, foot pedals
can be added to produce even more different sounds so that the musical capabilities of the
electric guitar are almost limitless. There’s not a lot of music that I listen to that doesn’t
have some sort of electric or acoustic guitar in the mix, either as the main instrument or as
small as and fill in for a certain sound. The genre of the music frequently dictates which
type of guitar should be used.
Classification/Division- classification pattern organizes
ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and standards.
This pattern can be used when classifying people, objects,
events, things, places and other items. Make sure always double-
check whether each term is undeniably part of a certain
category. Take note of the superordinate (name of the larger
group) ideas, the subordinate (subcategories of a larger group)
ideas, and the relationship between them, since these are the
most important parts of this pattern. You can use network tree
to better understand this pattern.
Signal words for Classification and Division
Another Classified as One kind The last group
Another kind Final type The first category The
Earthquakes can be classified into three main types
based on the plate movements. The first type is known
as a convergent boundary. Also known as destructive
plate boundary, this type of earthquake happens when
two tectonic plates move toward one another and
collide. The second type of earthquake is called
Divergent boundary. During this type of earthquake, two
plates are forced to move away from each other
resulting in a rift zone. The last type is called the
conservative plate boundary or transform fault. During
this type of earthquake, two tectonic plates slide past
one another.
Cause and Effect- This pattern organizes details
based on the cause, the reason, and the result or
consequences of a certain phenomenon. This pattern
may discuss both the causes and effects, the causes
only, or the effects only. They better comprehend a
text that follows a cause-and-effect, fishbone map can
be used.
Single Cause, Multiple Effects Single Effect, Multiple Causes

Effect cause
cause Effect Effect cause
Effect cause
Multiple Causes, Multiple Effects Alternating Cause/ effects in a Chain
Cause Effect (Domino Effect)
Cause Effect Cause
Cause Effect Effect
Cause
Effect
When reading type of pattern, focus on and take note of
the following elements: the purpose of the text, the
relationship between causes and effects, and the
potential causal fallacies or illogical arguments .
Signal Words for Causes
As For In view(the fact) Owing to(the
fact)
Because (of the fact) For the reason that In as much as Seeing that
Being that In that One reason Since
Due to (the fact that)
 Signal Words for Effect (of this)

Accordingly Consequently In consequence So that

As a consequence For this reason So Therefore

As a result (of this) Hence So much (so) that Thus

Because (of this)

 The advancement in technology and economy has created
major changes in modern society. One of these changes is
globalization. As we know, globalization has affected the world in
many ways. First, it served as a catalyst to worldwide trading,
thus allowing countries to access foreign products. Although this
had positive effects, it also posed a real threat to the
merchandise of local traders. Second, globalization affected the
financial market. As a result, different countries had more access
to funds, and the exchange in National currencies dramatically
increased. Finally, globalization also led to the privatization of
various facilities, such as public health institutions. These
institutions were being privatized due to the idea that the
private sector can better manage and provide health services. In
consequence, health policies become more and more of a
commodity on a global scale.
The avalanche is a huge snow slide that
rushes down the side of a mountain, carrying
large tree, rocks and other debris in its path.
Avalanches are similar to landslides but can
be more dangerous and destructive.
Avalanches can occur when huge amount of
new snow fall on layers of snow and ice that
have become unstable because of melting.
They can also be triggered by explosions or
earthquakes.
Problem-Solution- This pattern organizes ideas into
problems and proposed solutions. The problem section
usually includes the what, who, when, where, why and how
of the problem. The other part then presents the major
effects of the problem and the possible solutions to address
it, as well as the steps in implementing the solution. Note
down these parts when you encounter a problem-solution
text. To better comprehend a text that follows a problem-
solution patter, a problem-solution map can be used.

Signal words for Problem-Solution

But Nonetheless One solution is The problem
First, second One reason for One way is The solution
 Today, most of the energy resources we have are generated
from coil, and natural gas. However, these resources are limited. If
continuously consumed at an alarming rate, fossil fuels necessary
for generating power to operate vehicles and factories will run out
before long. Nonetheless, this problem can be resolved through
the use of alternative sources of energy and conservation efforts.
First, using alternative sources of energy such as solar energy and
fusion energy would lessen pollution. These alternatives are
actually more accessible and cost-efficient. Although there are
some potential risks in using fusion energy, these risks can be
mitigated by implementing strict safety measures. The second
solution that governments can adopt is the enhancement of
conservation efforts. To do this, government needs to make the
public more aware of the benefits of conservation, as well as ways
of conserving energy, such as recycling. Laws can also be passed to
mandate the public and all stakeholders to recycle energy .
Malnutrition is a big health issue in Niger.
Niger is located in Africa close to the equator.
It has extremely high daytime temperatures
and very little rainfall. Yearly droughts
threaten food production. As a result, many
people starve. With 10 million people to feed,
they need a more reliable food supply. The
challenge for people living in Niger is to
develop hardy drought resistant crops. With
ample food supplies, the people of Niger
would experience better health.
Persuasion- This pattern organizes ideas to show
how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion
or argument. Specifically, this pattern presents the
issue, the position, and the supporting evidence
that supports the position. Make sure to check
these three essential elements while reading a
persuasion text. To better understand this pattern,
a persuasion map can be used.
 Signal Words for Emphasizing a Point
Again In that case To emphasize Truly
For this reason Indeed To repeat With this in min
In fact

Signal Words for Conceding a Point

Admittedly it is true obviously true
Assuredly Needless to say Of course undoubtedly
Certainly No doubt To be sure Unquestionably
granted

Signal Words for Concluding and Summarizing

Accordingly Consequently In brief Inevitably In a nutshell
All in all Due to In conclusion On the whole Therefore
As a result Finally In short Since Thus
As I have said In any event In summary In essence To sum up
Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely debated issue.
It is an act to end a person’s life to alleviate the suffering
brought about by a terminal or grave illness. While it may be
supported by some, mercy killing is not only an unethical
medical practice, it is also a crime. After all, on the most
basic level, euthanasia still takes a life. In fact, majority of
the countries in the world, including those that have legalized
it, consider it as homicide. Aside from being a crime,
euthanasia is unethical in the medical context because it
violates the principle of “primum non nocore” which means “
first, do no harm.” In their code of ethics, doctors have the
responsibility of saving lives, not destroying them, which is
why euthanasia can never be acceptable.
 Laughter, The medicine
Laughter is one of the greatest healing devices known to man.
Laughter is powerful and can help people in many different ways. It
has the power to cure something as little as a bad day or to heal thee
wounds of terminally ill person. Laughing has helped create the smile
which is universal sign of well-being. Generally, individuals who do
not laugh live miserably and have unhappy lives. Dr. Robert Holden
found out that smiling and laughing releases endorphins in the brain
which give people overall happy well-being. Using comedy, many
doctors have stimulated the healing process in manic depressants and
fatally ill patients giving them hope and ambition. In many clinics
laughter is being used in replacing anti-depressants and reduces the
need of pain killers. (Dr. Gael Crystal). Take comedians for example,
they usually live long and happy lives.
Putting a smile on faces and laughs in souls is what makes life
complete. Laughter helps heal people and brightens spirits for
a better and healthier life. Laughing is a sign of joy and hope
and keeps people normal and the world happy. Using the
techniques of laughter and happiness is the best medicine
known to man. Laughter is the universal sign of well-being and
happiness within health. Laughing brightens the spirit and heals
the mind and the body of people who allow it to overcome
them. Therefore try a smile and laugh on for size and live a
longer happier life with loved ones.
GROUP WORK
1. DEFINITION
2. EXEMPIFICATION
3. DESCRIPTION
4. NARRATIVE
5. LISTING