CE 201: Statics

Lecture No. 29-30

Term 182

Instructor: Dr. Bashir Alhaji Labaran

Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of
Engineering
UHB
 INTERNAL FORCES

Today’s Objective:
Students will be able to:
1. Use the method of sections for determining
internal forces in 2-D load cases.

In-Class Activities:
• Check Homework, if any
• Reading Quiz
• Applications
• Types of Internal Forces
• Steps for Determining
Internal Forces
• Concept Quiz
• Group Problem Solving
• Attention Quiz
 READING QUIZ

1. In a multiforce member, the member is generally subjected to an internal

_________.
A) Normal force B) Shear force
C) Bending moment D) All of the above.

2. In mechanics, the force component V acting tangent to, or

along the face of, the section is called the _________ .
A) Axial force B) Shear force
C) Normal force D) Bending moment
 APPLICATIONS

Beams are structural members designed to

support loads applied perpendicular to their
axes.

Beams are often used to support the span of

bridges. They are often thicker at the supports
than at the center of the span.

Why are the beams tapered? Internal forces are important in making such a design
decision. In this lesson, you will learn about these forces and how to determine
them.
APPLICATIONS (continued)

A fixed column supports these

rectangular billboards.

Usually such columns are

wider/thicker at the bottom than at the
top. Why?
APPLICATIONS (continued)

The shop crane is used to move heavy

machine tools around the shop.
The picture shows that an additional frame
around the joint is added.

Why might have this been done?

 INTERNAL FORCES

The design of any structural member requires

finding the forces acting within the member to
make sure the material can resist those loads.
B

For example, we want to determine the internal

forces acting on the cross section at B. But, first,
we need to determine the support reactions.
B

Then we need to cut the beam at B and draw a

FBD of one of the halves of the beam. This FBD
will include the internal forces acting at B.
Finally, we need to solve for these unknowns
using the E-of-E.
 INTERNAL FORCES (continued)

In two-dimensional cases, typical internal

loads are normal or axial forces (N, acting perpendicular
to the section), shear forces (V, acting along the
surface), and the bending moment (M).

The loads on the left and right sides of the section at B are equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction. This is because when the two sides are reconnected, the net
loads are zero at the section.
INTERNAL FORCES (continued)

For most applications, these resultant loadings will act

at the geometric center or centroid ( C ) of the section’s
cross-sectional area.

Although the magnitude for each loading

generally will be different at various points
along the axis of the member, the method of
sections can always be used to determine
their values.
SIGN CONVENTION

The normal force is said to be positive if it creates

tension.

Positive shear force will cause the beam segment on

which it acts to rotate clockwise

Positive bending moment will tend to bend the segment

on which it acts in a concave upward manner. Loadings
that are opposite to these are considered negative.
 STEPS FOR DETERMINING INTERNAL FORCES

1. Take an imaginary cut at the place where you need to determine the internal
forces. Then, decide which resulting section or piece will be easier to analyze.

2. If necessary, determine any support reactions or joint forces you need by

drawing a FBD of the entire structure and solving for the unknown reactions.

3. Draw a FBD of the piece of the structure you’ve decided to analyze.

Remember to show the N, V, and M loads at the “cut” surface.

4. Apply the E-of-E to the FBD (drawn in step 3) and solve for the unknown
internal loads.
 EXAMPLE

Given: The loading on the beam.

Find: The internal forces at point C.

Plan: Follow the procedure!!

Solution
1. Plan on taking the imaginary cut at C. It will be easier to work with the right
section (the cut at C to point B) since the geometry is simpler and there are no
external loads.
 EXAMPLE (continued)

2. We need to determine By. Use a FBD of the entire frame and solve the E-of-E for
By .

FBD of the entire beam:

18 kip
3 ft 3 ft 9 ft
Bx

Ay By

Applying the E-of-E to this FBD, we get

 +  Fx = Bx = 0;

+  MA = − By ( 9 ) + 18 ( 3 ) = 0 ; By = 6 kip
 EXAMPLE (continued)

3. Now draw a FBD of the right section. Assume directions for VC, NC and MC.

4.5 ft
NC

C B
MC VC 6 kip

4. Applying the E-of-E to this FBD, we get

 +  Fx = NC = 0; NC = 0

 +  Fy = – VC – 6 = 0; VC = – 6 kip

+  MC = – 6 (4.5) – MC = 0 ; MC = – 27 kip ft
 CONCEPT QUIZ

1. A column is loaded with a vertical 100 N force. At P

which sections are the internal loads the same?
A) P, Q, and R B) P and Q • 100 N
Q
C) Q and R D) None of the above.
R

2. A column is loaded with a horizontal 100 N force. At which

section are the internal loads largest? P
A) P B) Q Q 100 N
C) R D) S R
S
 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

Given: The loading on the beam.

Find: The internal forces at point F.

Plan: Follow the procedure!!

Solution
1. Make an imaginary cut at F. Why there?
Which section will you pick to analyze via the FBD?

Why will it be easier to work with segment FB?

 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

2. We need to determine the cable tension, T, using a FBD and the E-of-E
for the entire frame.

T T
3m 3m
Ax 45

Ay
1800 N

+  MA = T ( 6 ) + T sin 45 ( 3 ) − 1800 (3) = 0 ;

T = 665 N
 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

3. A FBD of section FB is shown below.

450 N 665 N
0.75 m 0.75 m
NF

F B
MF VF FBD of Section FB

4. Applying the E-of-E to the FBD, we get

 +  Fx = NF = 0

 +  Fy = – 450 + 665 – VF = 0 ; VF = 215 N

+  MF = 665 (1.5) – 450 (0.75) – MF = 0 ; MF = 660 N m

 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. Determinethe magnitude of the internal loads 100 N

(normal, shear, and bending moment) at point C.
80 N
0.5m
A) (100 N, 80 N, 80 N m) 1m •
B) (100 N, 80 N, 40 N m) C
C) (80 N, 100 N, 40 N m)
D) (80 N, 100 N, 0 N m )

P
2. A column is loaded with a horizontal 100 N
force. At which section are the internal loads 100N
the lowest? Q
R
A) P B) Q S
C) R D) S
 CE 201: Statics

Lecture No. 30-31

Term 182

Instructor: Dr. Bashir Alhaji Labaran

Dept. of Civil Engineering,

College of Engineering
University of Hafr Al Batin
Normal

Sagging

Hogging
SHEAR AND MOMENT EQUATIONS AND DIAGRAMS

Objectives:
► To show how to form the equations of shear force (V)
and bending moment (M)

► To know how to plot the shear force and bending

moment diagrams
SHEAR AND MOMENT EQUATIONS AND DIAGRAMS
Procedure
The equations of shear force, V, and bending moment, M, in terms of
the distance, x, along the axis of a member can be obtained by using
the method of sections, as follows:
• Identify the points of discontinuity (e.g., points where a
distributed load changes or where concentrated forces or couple
moments are applied) along the member.
• The V and M equations must be obtained separately for each
segment of the member located between any two discontinuities of
loadings.
• For example, for the beam shown in figure below, sections located
at distances x1, x2, and x3 will have to be used to describe the
variation of V and M throughout the length of the beam
SHEAR AND MOMENT EQUATIONS AND DIAGRAMS
Procedure
• Draw the F.B.D. at the sections located at x1, x2, and x3 and obtain
the equations for V and M separately for each segment by applying
the equilibrium conditions

• These equations for V and M will be valid only within the regions
from O to a for x1, from a to b for x2, and from b to L for x3

• Using the equations of V and M, their ordinates for different values

of x may be calculated and V and M diagrams may be plotted.

• V and M diagrams showing the variations of V and M along the axis

of a member are required for the design of the member.
The Relationship Between Load, Shear and
Bending Moment

Load value is shear slope; w=dV/dx

Shear value is moment slope; V=dM/dx
 Multiple Choice Problems
Answer the following questions related to a beam segment having moment equation
x3
as: M  (9 x  9 ) kN-m

1. The type of load on the segment is

(a) Point load (b) Rectangular load (c) Triangular load (d) None of these
Ans: (c)
Feedback:
Triangular load always has third degree of the moment equation.

2. The degree of the shear force equation for the segment is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Ans: (c)
Feedback:
Since a triangular load always has third degree of the moment equation, the
degree of the shear force equation for the segment will be two, because degree of
moment equation is always one more than the degree of shear force equation.
 Multiple Choice Problems
Answer the following questions related to a beam segment having moment equation
x3
as: M  (9 x  9 ) kN-m

3. Shear force at x = 0 will be

(a) 0 (b) 9 kN (c) 81 kN (d) None of these
Ans: (b)
Feedback:
Since shear force is always taken as the slope of the moment curve, therefore,
dM 3x2 x2 02
V 9  9  ; Vat x = 0  9   9 kN
dx 9 3 3
4. Maximum moment for the segment will be
(a) 0 (b) 5.2 kN-m (c) 15.2 kN-m (d) 31.2 kN-m
Ans: (d)
Feedback:
dM 3x 2 x2
For M to be maximum, 09  9   0  x  27  5.2 m
dx 9 3
5.23
 M max  9  5.2   31.2 kN-m
9
Recommended Problems
(Section 7.2: Ebook)

7-1, 7-3

7-50

7-52

7-56

7-59

7-65

7-69