Artificial Intelligence

Lecturer: Mudasser Iqbal khan

GOOD TEACHING My Findings
Good Teaching is much about passion as it is about reason
Good Teaching is about treating students as consumers of
knowledge
Good Teaching is about listening, questioning and responsive
Good Teaching is about not always have fixed agenda
Good Teaching is also about Style
Good Teaching is about humor

Good teaching is about

“Caring, nurturing and developing minds and
talents”
My Philosophy
 Intelligence
• By the Collins English Dictionary, intelligence is ‘the ability to think,
reason, and understand instead of doing things automatically or by
instinct’.

• By the Macmillan Dictionary, it is ‘the ability to understand and think

about things, and to gain and use knowledge’.

• So, Intelligence can be defined as a general mental ability for reasoning,

problem-solving, and learning. Because of its general nature,
intelligence integrates cognitive functions such as perception, attention,
memory, language, or planning.
 HI vs AI

• Human Intelligence is defined as the quality of the mind that is

made up of capabilities to learn from past experience, adaptation
to new situations, handling of abstract ideas and the ability to
change his/her own environment using the gained knowledge.

• Artificial Intelligence is the study and design of Intelligent agent,

These intelligent agents have the ability to analyze the
environments and produce actions which maximize success.
HI vs Ai
 INTRODUCTION
• Humankind has given itself the scientific name homo sapiens—man
the wise—because
• Our mental capacities are so important to our everyday lives and our
sense of self.
• The field of artificial intelligence, or AI, attempts to understand
intelligent entities.
• Artificial intelligence (AI) may be defined as the branch of computer
science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior.
• one reason to study (AI), is to learn more about ourselves. AI tries to
build intelligent entities as well as understand them.
 Continue…
• So most typical question is, how is it possible for a slow, tiny
brain, whether biological or electronic, to perceive,
understand, predict, and manipulate a world far larger and
more complicated than itself?

• This is a hard question, but you have to look in the mirror to

see an example of an intelligent system to understand little
about tiny brain that how it manipulate the typical and
complex problems.
 Looking for an Einstein of A.I (Can be
you)
• AI is one of the newest disciplines. It was formally initiated in
1956, when the name was coined, although at that point work had
been under way for about five years.
• A student in physics might reasonably feel that all the good ideas
have already been taken by Galileo, Newton, Einstein, and the
rest, and that it takes many years of study before one can
contribute new ideas.
• AI, on the other hand, still has openings for a full-time
Einstein.
 History
• The study of intelligence is also one of the oldest disciplines. For
over 2000 years, philosophers have tried to understand how seeing,
learning, remembering, and reasoning could, or should, be done.
• The arrival of usable computers in the early 1950s turned the
learned but armchair (Wing chair) speculation concerning these
mental faculties into a real experimental and theoretical discipline.
Many felt that the new "Electronic Super-Brains" had unlimited
potential for intelligence.
• Now a days AI has turned out to be more difficult than many at first
imagined, and modem ideas are much richer, more refined, and
more interesting as a result.
 task of A.I
• AI currently encompasses a huge variety of subfields, from
general-purpose areas such as perception and logical reasoning, to
specific tasks such as playing chess, proving mathematical
theorems, writing poetry, and diagnosing diseases.
• Often, scientists in other fields move gradually into artificial
intelligence, where they find the tools and vocabulary to
systematize and automate the intellectual tasks on which they
have been working all their lives.
• Similarly, workers in AI can choose to apply their methods to any
area of human intellectual endeavor (efforts).
• In this sense, it is truly a universal field.
 What is AI?
• We have now explained why AI is exciting, but we have not said
what it is.
• The problem of defining the full field of artificial intelligence
becomes one of defining intelligence itself: is intelligence a single
faculty, or is it just a name for a collection of distinct and
unrelated abilities?
• To what extent is intelligence learned as opposed to having an a
priori existence?
 Continue…
• Exactly what does happen when learning occurs? What is
creativity? What is intuition? Can intelligence be inferred from
observable behavior, or does it require evidence of a particular
internal mechanism?
• How is knowledge represented in the nerve tissue of a living being,
and what lessons does this have for the design of intelligent
machines?
• What is self-awareness; what role does it play in intelligence ?
 Continue…
• These are unanswered questions, and all of them have helped to
shape the problems and solution methodologies that constitute the
core of modern AI.

• AI offers a medium and a test-bed for theories of intelligence: such

theories may be stated in the language of computer programs and
consequently tested and verified through the execution of these
programs on an actual computer.
 Definition
• Below are the some definitions of AI according to the many references books:

• "Theexciting new effort to make computers think . . . machines

with minds, in the full and literal sense" (Haugeland, 1985)

• "[The automation of] activities that we associate with human

thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving,
learning ..."(Bellman, 1978)

• "The
study of how to make computers do things at which, at the
moment, people are better" (Rich and Knight, 1 99 1 )
 Continue…
• "The
study of mental faculties through the use of computational
models“ (Charniak and McDermott, 1985)

• "The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive,

reason, and act“ (Winston, 1992)

• "A field
of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent
behavior in terms of computational processes" (Schalkoff, 1 990)

• "Thebranch of computer science that is concerned with the

automation of intelligent behavior" (Luger and Stubblefield, 1993)
 Continue…
• After studying the some definitions of AI, we can summarize into
one definition : the study of intelligent entities to build new entities
that also can understand existing entities.
• The previous definitions vary along two main dimensions. The ones
on top are concerned with thought processes and reasoning,
whereas the ones on the bottom address behavior.
• This gives us four possible goals to pursue in artificial intelligence,
• System that think like humans
• System that think rationally
• System that act like humans
• System that act rationally
References
• Artificial Intelligence A modern Approach, Stuart J. Russell and Peter
Norvig.

• Artificial Intelligence, Structure and strategies for complex problem

solving, 6 edition, George F Luger