TEACHING AND LEARNING FOR THE

21ST CENTURY

Mrs. Ambika Ravindran

Principal
M.A.Chidambaram College of Nursing
V.H.S., Chennai - 113
INTRODUCTION:
Education is the watchword of the new millennium;
and when it comes to good learning experiences students
deserve the best. Expertise, quality and affordability should
be the key focus of a good educational systems. The
electronic age has brought about a revolutionary

 
technological approach for better life to the masses of our
country and as nursing professionals we must march to serve
            

national interests by doing our best for the betterment of

               

nursing education.
What is teaching?

Teaching is transforming.
Teachers have the responsibility of transforming
concepts and ideas into representations that will be
comprehended by students.
In the educational context, the process involves changing
curriculum content to meaningful representations for
students, thus facilitating learning.
Major components of the Teaching Process
Comprehension of purposes, ideas, and subject matter.
Transformation

•Preparation by critical analysis of subject and development

of curriculum.

•Representation of concepts with analogies, metaphors,

examples, demonstrations.

•Selection of modes of teaching..

•Adaptation to student characteristics such as their

conceptions, languages, culture, motivations, self concept and
aptitude.
Instruction with presentations, interactions, activities and
other aspects of active teaching.

Evaluation of student understanding and performance by

student and teacher.

Reflection through critically analyzing and reconstructing

student and teacher performance.
What is learning ?
A process of growth and development whereby a
learner acquires a body of knowledge developes ideal ,
developes ability to use this knowledge in pursuit of her
ideals.
Learning brings modification in behaviour.

Each student will have his / her own learning style.

Models of Learning
Traditional mode: Pedagogy (art & science of teaching children
New approach: Andragogy (By Malcom S.Knowles) art and science
of teaching adults.
The different assumptions about the learner for pedagogy and
Andragogy are explained under 5 dimensions.
- The concept of the learner
- The role of the learners’ experience
- The learner’s readiness to learn
- The learner’s orientation to learning
- Motivation to learning
 According to Shulman’s words –
A teacher “ transforms the content knowledge he or she
possesses into forms that are powerful and yet adapt to the
variations in ability and background presented by the students.
Thus, teacher transforms “knowing” into “telling” and
students will change telling into “doing and “caring”.
Why is teaching and learning in the 21st
given such emphasis?

The twenty first century has witnessed phenomenal

explosion of knowledge and application of communication-
cum-information technologies, accelerating the access to
knowledge.
The information revolution of the past 65 years has forced
educators in almost every discipline to evaluate the
appropriateness of traditional teaching methodologies and
redefining competencies of the modern teacher to suit the
needs of the contemporary society.
 In recent years rapid developments in information and
communication technologies have resulted in significant
changes in the way the world operates and communicates.
These developments, in ;turn have had an impact on
educational needs, both in terms of content and delivery of
educational services.
Traditional classrooms have undergone massive changes.
Information technology has entered the classroom in a big way
to aid the teaching-learning process. Computers are no longer
stand-alone subjects, but in fact used to empower teachers to
reach other subjects with greater ease.
Knowledge explosion
+
Application of communication-cum- Accelerated
information technologies access to
+ knowledge
Introduction of computer education
in Schools and Colleges
Need for
High tech
Nursing
professionals

Warrants changes in traditional methods of teaching

Review of traditional models of
Education

Behavioral model by Ralph Tyler

• Content driven, teacher centered curriculum.

• Teacher - the information giver and primarily responsible for
evaluation
• Behavioural objectives were considered as the ultimate measure
of teaching effectiveness
 Advantages of Tylerian model:

•Positive impact on the quality of nursing education

•Strict insistence on measurable objectives and accreditation
forces support – organized, evaluation oriented system that
provides services of reliable quality.
•Nursing educators are able to monitor and police themselves
with a sense of responsibility and accountability not found in
other profession models of education.
Need for re-evaluating the restrictive practices imposed
by Behaviourist / Tylerian model

The many changes in the demographics of nursing students and

the large influx of nursing students of B.Sc. Nursing programmes.
Barriers to Nursing Education:

• Lack of flexibility
• Inconvenient scheduling
• Geographic inaccessibility.
• Duplication of Nursing knowledge and experience.
What are the issues and changes necessary to
launch nursing into the twenty-first century.
• The curriculum revolution which is now all about teacher-
student partnerships. Process driven curriculum.

• It is about flexibility and individual differences

in how and what one learns.
Identifying and measuring student outcomes in the
cognitive psychomotor and affect domains has been
a significant problems for nurse educators.
The affective domain needs main attention.and
includes students professional attitudes, motives and values

The student evaluation tool needs to be examined in

light of desired outcomes, identify in the self and theory
evaluation of learning.
• It is about instructors spending
their time with students doing what no text,
no programme of learning, no computer
and no other learning resource can accomplish.
It is about using appropriate teaching strategies for
helping students to identify professional values such as
altruism, equality and human dignity.

• Developing the mind of the individual student through

intimate given and take based on sound knowledge and
understanding of theoretical base, clinical inquiry process.
Ten ways to get today’s educational
institution ready for 21st century’s nursing
education
1) Bridge the gap between the syllabus and students’
learning needs
Education may be conceptualized as a bridge between the
science and practice of nursing

The visionary nurse educator has a responsibility to facilitate to

student’s transition to the role of professional nurse whose practice of
nursing is based on theoretical perspective.
2) Cater to various learning styles
3) Get the world to visit the classroom

Nursing education and health care agencies

use technology to increase learning and improve
health care
The use of technology in nursing education include –
basics of word processing papers to using multimedia, audio
visual aids.
Learning by satellite transmission of a class and
interaction of students and teacher at off campus sites.
Video tape lessons, Email and Faxes, Software providing
instructions and testing tools (Computer adaptive tests).,
The use of technology in health care
Include sending orders and requests
Diagnosis reports
Physician orders
Standardized nursing care plan
Computerized printed medication sheets
Nursing documentations
Staff updates
Onsite continue educations.
4) Demystify technology, make teachers tech sarvy

5) Equip students for the world of technology.

How can nurse educators help students to

pro actively incorporate technology now
and in the future?
• Expand knowledge and skills about information technology,
learning about the capabilities of computers and about
differentiating what humans and machines do best.
• Integrate technology into a nursing model
• Humanize technology with the fundamental nursing arts of
active listening, teaching and caring interventions adapting to a
comprehensive holistic nursing framework.
• Collect data to discover what technology means to users and
examine relationships between nursing care, technology and
patient outcome.
• Network with the virtual nursing community by participating in
local, national and global sharing among professionals.

Ensure that technology compliments nursing care

without replacing it.
Computers can do some tasks well, but can never
replace human reflection and critical thinking.
 6) Enhance soft skills and build effective habits.

7) Make education fun and relevant.

8) Build language skills.

9) Make room for learning differences.

10) Add new life to class room interaction.

Qualities required of a modern teacher

Flexibility
Perspective
Sense of humor
Collegiality
Faith

Commitment
 Competencies of the
modern nurse teacher in the
information society

Expanded quantum of Technology in Nursing

profession has redefined competencies generating
opportunities for life-long learning, demanding purpose
oriented actions and commitment driven society
 Should be Learner – centered
Trained to handle learner centered pedagogy.
Different assumptions of pedagogy and andragogy

1. Concept of Dependency Self Direction

Learner
2. Role of - Of little use as a basis of Of greater quantity and
Learner’s learning quality
experience - Relies on transmission mode of
teaching
3. Readiness Age related Needs related
to learn To know and do things
4. Orientation Subject centered content based - Life centered, task
to learn curriculum centered and problem with
curriculum
5. Motivation From external p----- Internal: need for self
to learn parent / teacher esteem and self confidence
Maintains Professionalism
Trained to be innovative in their attitudes,
flexible in their approach and
reflective in their minds

Professionalism is a prime mover to lead us to

global society
Should be Socially responsible
Trained and equipped with the techniques of coping with the
social hindrances impeding nursing development -
problems of poverty, social inequality, unemployment,
population explosion, communalism, regionalism, gender,
race ethnicity, socio-economic status consciousness,
exceptionality etc.

Should have High Values and Morality

Trained to inculcate Moral, humanistic, ethical and

spiritual values to serve humanity.
Should be -
accountable for the teaching services rendered.

A sound faculty evaluation that is viewed as

less threatening and punitive, and that nurtures
professional development and forces professional
accountability would be off good use.
efficient and effective communicator of knowledge,
skills and attitudes

talented and well versed to integrate technology in

designing curriculum content for effective teaching
trained to enable students identify their roots, build
references and gain strength to manage identity
crisis in the fast changing information society.
Should be -
trained to be net savvy and visit different websites for
academic content updates.

trained to develop knowledge management qualities,

thus pooling the skills and knowledge of the
workforce.

trained to develop dynamic leadership skills.

Eight assessment areas of quality
education
Ask yourself the following questions so that teachers become
confident educators and students enjoy quality instruction.
1) Do I see the unfolding of a synthesized educational plan?
2) Is the teacher comfortable with the content?
3) Has the teacher chosen a variety of teaching methods?
4) Does the teacher use audiovisual aids competently?

5) Does the teacher involve learners?

6) Do I see evidence that the teacher has considered the “self?”

7) Does the teacher make me laugh occasionally?

8) Is there any evidence that the teacher is training
students how to ”put it all together” for the long term?
 CONCLUSION:
The Twenty-first century Nurse teacher should be trained to use
computer facilitated teaching together with conventional teaching
methods that include the teacher’s wisdom, teacher’s voice, chalk
and black board, so that she discharge her duties effectively as
an assimilator , generator and facilitator of
knowledge in the information era.
The Nurse educator has to innovate, develop, design,
produce and deliver high quality reliable, aesthetic,
energy saving and ecologically sound professionals who
have to work and compete in high tech areas with rapidly
growing number highly qualified people in the global
market, guided by the old adage
Tell me, and I’ll listen. Show me and I’ll understand.
Involve me and I’ll learn.