Scribd
Upload
286 views13 pages

Digital Switching and Logic Design: Prof. Ananda M

This document discusses quadded logic design, which provides fault tolerance through redundancy. It describes how quadded logic uses four identical inputs and quadruplicate logic circuits to correct for errors. Critical errors that cause incorrect outputs can be corrected by the mixing of signals in subsequent logic levels. The document outlines the classification of errors in logic gates, provides examples of basic quadded logic structures using alternating AND-OR and NAND-NOR gates, and describes the proper connection procedures needed for fault tolerance.

Uploaded by

Darshan hm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
286 views13 pages

Digital Switching and Logic Design: Prof. Ananda M

This document discusses quadded logic design, which provides fault tolerance through redundancy. It describes how quadded logic uses four identical inputs and quadruplicate logic circuits to correct for errors. Critical errors that cause incorrect outputs can be corrected by the mixing of signals in subsequent logic levels. The document outlines the classification of errors in logic gates, provides examples of basic quadded logic structures using alternating AND-OR and NAND-NOR gates, and describes the proper connection procedures needed for fault tolerance.

Uploaded by

Darshan hm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

DIGITAL SWITCHING AND LOGIC DESIGN

Prof. Ananda M
Department of Electronics and Comm. Engineering

1
10/02/2020
DIGITAL SWITCHING AND LOGIC DESIGN

Unit-2 Hazards, Reliable Design Fault


Diagnosis

Prof. Ananda M
Department of Electronics and Comm. Engineering
2
10/02/2020
DIGITAL SWITCHING AND LOGIC DESIGN
Hazards, Reliable Design Fault Diagnosis
Failure tolerant design

1)Critical errors: An error occurring on one of the redundant


input’s to a specific gate is said to be critical if it causes an
incorrect gate output.

2)Sub critical errors: Occurrence at one of the redundant input’s


to a gate does not cause a fault in the gate output.

10/02/2020 3
DIGITAL SWITCHING AND LOGIC DESIGN
Hazards, Reliable Design Fault Diagnosis
Error classification in logic gates
Function Logic symbol Subcritical Critical Output as
Redundancy =3 input error a result of
Error critical
input
error
AND 0 to 1 1 to 0 1 to 0

OR 1 to 0 0 to 1 0 to 1

NAND 0 to 1 1 to 0 0 to 1

NOR 1 to 0 0 to 1 1 to 0

10/02/2020 4
DIGITAL SWITCHING AND LOGIC DESIGN
Hazards, Reliable Design Fault Diagnosis

Quadded logic:

 It is a redundant logical structure which is protected against any type


of single faults and many multiple ones.

 It provided with four versions of each input, and every logical circuit
appears in quadruplicate.

 Fault correction is accomplished in the same circuit which performs


the logical operations by mixing the faulty signals with good ones so
that most errors are corrected within one to two levels of
propagation.

10/02/2020 5
DIGITAL SWITCHING AND LOGIC DESIGN
Quadded logic
 Four identical inputs x1,x2,x3 and x4 are supplied to the
network which in turn produces four corrected outputs.

Any subcritical error at the inputs will be immediately


corrected in the first gates level.

If x1 appears to be s-a-0, then when input 1 is applied to


the circuit , the error is critical, and the outputs of both
gates 1 and 2 are incorrectly transformed from 1 to 0.

These 1 to 0 errors are subcritical for the second level of


the OR gates, the faulty signals are mixed with correct ones,
and the outputs zi are all corrected.

A failure in any OR gate which causes any of the second- Basic alternating AND-OR Quadded
level inputs to be s-a-1 may cause faults in z’s , but they will
be corrected in a third level of gates. Structure

10/02/2020 6
DIGITAL SWITCHING AND LOGIC DESIGN
Hazards, Reliable Design Fault Diagnosis

Quadded logic Basic structure:

Fig b : basic alternating NAND –NOR quadded structure

10/02/2020 7
DIGITAL SWITCHING AND LOGIC DESIGN
Symbol/ Compact notation representing quadded logic

Fig (a) Four four- input AND gate Fig (b) Four four- input OR gate Fig (c) Four one- input NOT gate

Fig (d) Four Two - input AND gate Fig (e) Four two- input AND gate

10/02/2020 8
DIGITAL SWITCHING AND LOGIC DESIGN
Symbol/ Compact notation representing quadded logic

Fig (b) Compact description for the circuit of fig(a)


Fig a: basic alternating AND –OR quadded structure

10/02/2020 9
DIGITAL SWITCHING AND LOGIC DESIGN
Symbol/ Compact notation representing quadded logic

Fig (b) Four four- input AND gate


Fig a: basic alternating NAND –NOR quadded structure

10/02/2020 10
DIGITAL SWITCHING AND LOGIC DESIGN
Quadded Logic

Fig (a). Illustration of the danger in incorrect connection procedure

Fig. (b) Correct connection procedure


10/02/2020 11
DIGITAL SWITCHING AND LOGIC DESIGN
Quadded Logic

Fig. (b) Correct connection procedure

Note: Whenever an AND gate feeds an And gate (or an OR feeds an


OR), the connection pattern at the inputs to the first and to the
second gates must be identical.

10/02/2020 12
THANK YOU

Prof. Ananda M
Department of Electronics and Comm. Engineering
[email protected]

10/02/2020 13

You might also like