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Methods of Research-Lession 6

This document discusses methods of data collection in research. It defines primary and secondary data and sources. Primary data is collected directly by the researcher through methods like questionnaires, interviews and observations. Secondary data is collected indirectly from other sources like books, journals and newspapers. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of various data collection methods like observation, interviews and questionnaires. It provides guidance on constructing questionnaires, formulating question types, and considerations for developing an effective research instrument.

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Renj Loise
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46 views42 pages

Methods of Research-Lession 6

This document discusses methods of data collection in research. It defines primary and secondary data and sources. Primary data is collected directly by the researcher through methods like questionnaires, interviews and observations. Secondary data is collected indirectly from other sources like books, journals and newspapers. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of various data collection methods like observation, interviews and questionnaires. It provides guidance on constructing questionnaires, formulating question types, and considerations for developing an effective research instrument.

Uploaded by

Renj Loise
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Methods of Research

Lesson 6: Methods of Data Collection


Dr. Racidon P. Bernarte
Categories of Data and Sources of data

Primary Secondar
Data y Data

Primary Secondar
Sources y Sources
SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Primary Source Secondary Source


• Data is collected by • Data collected,
researcher himself compiled or
written by other
• Data is gathered researchers eg. books,
through questionnaire, journals, newspapers
interviews, • Any reference must
observations etc. be acknowledged
Data Collection

• The term "data" refers to the kinds of information


researchers obtain on the subjects of their research.

• The term "instrumentation" refers to the entire process


of collecting data in a research investigation.
Data Collection

• Compilation and interpretation of primary and


secondary sources of information.

• The integration of different sources will


consolidate the write up of the report.
Collecting Data using Primary Sources

• Observation
 A purposeful, systematic and selective way of
watching and listening to an interaction or
phenomenon as it takes place.
 “interaction of group”
 “behavior or personality traits of an individual”
 “Natural” or “Controlled”
Collecting Data using Primary Sources

• Types of Observation
 Participant observation- is when, as researcher,
participate in the activities of the group being
observed in the same manner as its members,
with or without knowing that they are being
observed.
Collecting Data using Primary Sources

• Types of Observation
 Non-Participant observation- is when, as
researcher, do not get involved in the activities
of the group but remain a passive observer,
watching and listening to its activities and
drawing conclusions from this.
Problem with using Observation

1. When individuals or group become aware that


they are being observed , they may change
behavior.
2. There is always the possibility of observer bias.
3. The interpretation drawn from observations may
vary from observer to observer.
4. There is a possibility of incomplete observation
and/or recording.
Recording the Observation

1. Narrative
2. Scales
Recording the Observation

3. Categorical recording “active or passive”;


“introvert or extrovert”
4. Recording on mechanical devices
Recording the Observation

3. Categorical recording “active or passive”;


“introvert or extrovert”
4. Recording on mechanical devices
Collecting Data using Primary Sources

• Interview
 Any person-person interaction between two or
more individuals with a specific purpose in
mind.
Collecting Data using Primary Sources

• Types of Interview
 Unstructured Interview
 In-depth interviews
 “face to face” and “repeated interaction”
 Focus group interviews
 Narratives
 Oral History
Collecting Data using Primary Sources

• Types of Interview
 Structured Interview
 The questionnaire
 A written list of questions, the answer to
which are recorded by respondents.
 “Interview Schedule” “Questionnaire”
Choosing between an IS and Q

1. The nature of investigation


2. The geographical distribution of the study
population
3. The type of study population
Administering Questionnaire

1. The mailed questionnaire


2. Online questionnaire (survey)
3. Collective administration
4. Administration in a public place
Cover Letter of the Questionnaire

1. Introduce you and the institution you are


representing;
2. Describe in two or three sentences the main
objectives of the study;
3. Explain the relevance of the study;
4. Convey any general instructions;
5. Indicate that participation in the study is
voluntary;
Cover Letter of the Questionnaire

6. Assure respondents of the anonymity of the


information provided by them;
7. Provide a contact number in case they have any
questions;
8. Give a return address for the questionnaire and
deadline for its return;
9. Thank them for their participation in the study,
Questionnaire: Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages
 It is less expensive
 It offers greater anonymity
• Disadvantages
 Application is limited
 Response rate is low
 There is self-selecting bias
 Opportunity to clarify issues is lacking
Questionnaire: Advantages and Disadvantages

• Disadvantages
• Spontaneous responses are not allowed for
• The response to a question maybe influenced by
the response to other questions.
• It is possible to consult others.
• A response cannot be supplemented with other
information.
Interview: Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages
 More appropriate for a complex situations
 Useful for collecting in-depth information
 Information can be supplemented
 Questions can be explained
 It has a wider application
Interview: Advantages and Disadvantages

• Disadvantages
 Time-consuming and expensive
 The quality of data depends upon the quality of
the interaction
 The quality of data depends upon the quality of
the interviewer
 The researcher may introduce his/her bias
 The interviewer may be biased
Forms of Questions

• Open-Ended
 The possible responses are not given
 The respondent writes down the answer in
his/her words or the interviewer records the
answer verbatim or in summary
Forms of Questions

• Closed-Ended
 The possible answer are set out in the
questionnaire and the respondent or the
interviewer ticks the category that best describes
the respondent’s answer.
Consideration in Formulating Questions

1. Always use simple and everyday language.

Is anyone in your family dipsomaniac?

2. Do not use ambiguous questions.

Are you satisfied with your canteen?


Consideration in Formulating Questions

3. Do not ask double-barreled questions

How often and how much time do you spend on each


visit?

4. Do not ask leading questions?

Smoking is bad, isn’t it?


Consideration in Formulating Questions

5. Do not ask question that are based on


presumptions

What contraceptives do you use?


Construction of a research instrument

Step 1: List down all the specific objectives, research


questions or hypothesis

Step 2: For each objectives , research question or


hypothesis, list down all associated questions that you
want to answer through your study?
Construction of a research instrument

Step 3: Take each research question identified in step 2


and list the information required to answer

Step 4: Formulate questions to obtain this information


Prerequisite for Data Collection

1. Motivation to share the required information


2. Clear understanding of the questions
3. Possession of the required information
Collecting Data using Secondary Sources

• Government and non-government publications


• Earlier research
• Personal records
• Mass Media
Problems with using data from Secondary
Sources
• Validity and reliability
• Personal bias
• Availability of data
End!
Thank you
Lesson 6: Methods of Data Collection
Dr. Racidon P. Bernarte
Assignment
Lesson 6: Methods of Data Collection
Dr. Racidon P. Bernarte
From the research topic related to your own
academic field or professional area formulate your
instrument using the following steps:
Step 1: List down all the specific objectives, research questions or hypothesis

Step 2: For each objectives , research question or hypothesis, list down all
associated questions that you want to answer through your study.

Step 3: Take each research question identified in step 2 and list the information
required to answer

Step 4: Formulate questions to obtain this information


From the research topic related to your own
academic field or professional area formulate your
instrument using the following steps:
Research Problem:
Research Objective 1: Information Required: Questions:
     
     

Research Objective 2: Information Required: Questions:


 
 

Research Objective 3: Information Required: Questions:


 
 

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