INDIA PAKISTAN RELATIONS

NATURE OF RELATIONS
 The relations between India and Pakistan have been
influenced by a number of historical and political
issues, and is defined by the crucial partition of
British India in 1947, the Kashmir dispute and the
number of military conflicts fought between the
two nations.
 TIMELINE
•SEEDS OF CONFLICT DURING
INDEPENDENCE Numerous
Hindu and Muslims were killed in
communal riots following the
partition of British India. Millions
of Muslims living in India and
Hindus and Sikhs living in Pakistan
emigrated. Both countries accused
each other of not providing
adequate security to the minorities
emigrating through their territory.
This served to increase tensions
between the countries which
continues till today.
JUNAGADH ISSUE
 Junagadh was princely state which had 80% of
hindu as majority and a muslim leader Nawab
Mahabat Khan.
 The issue was that Pakistan wanted Junagadh’s
accession but India did not accept the accession.
 Finally Home Minister Sardar Patel with the help of
military accessed Junagadh on 9 November 1947.
WARS AND CONFLICTS
 WAR OF 1965
The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 started following
Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed
to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to
precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. The
five-week war caused thousands of casualties on
both sides.
 It ended in a United Nations mandated ceasefire and
the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.
 WAR OF 1971

 Pakistan, since independence, was divided into two major

regions, West Pakistan and East Pakistan. East Pakistan was
occupied mostly by Bengali people.
 In December 1971, due to a political crisis in East Pakistan, India
intervened in favour of the rebelling Bengali populace.
 The conflict, resulted in the independence of East Pakistan.
 In the war, the Indian Army invaded East Pakistan from three sides.
 13 days after the invasion of East Pakistan, 90,000 Pakistan military
personnel surrendered to the Indian Army and the Mukti Bahini.
 After the surrender of Pakistan forces, East Pakistan became the
independent nation of Bangladesh.
 KARGIL WAR
 During the winter months of 1998-99, the Indian army
vacated its posts at very high peaks in Kargil sector
in Kashmir as it used to do every year.
  Pakistani Army intruded across the line of control and
occupied the posts. Indian army discovered this in May
1999 when the snow thawed.
 This resulted in intense fighting between Indian and
Pakistani forces, known as the Kargil conflict.
 Backed by the Indian Air Force, the Indian Army
regained many of the posts that Pakistan had occupied.
 Pakistan later withdrew from the remaining portion
under international pressure and high casualties.
List of some insurgent attacks
 1997 Sangrampora massacre: On 21 March 1997, 7 Kashmiri Pandits
were killed in Sangrampora village in the Budgam district.
 Wandhama Massacre: In January 1998, 24 Kashmiri Pandits living in the
city Wandhama were killed by Islamic terrorists.
 Qasim Nagar Attack: On 13 July 2003, armed men believed to be a part
of the Lashkar-e-Toiba threw hand grenades at the Qasim Nagar market
in Srinagar and then fired on civilians standing nearby killing twenty-seven
and injuring many more.
 Assassination of Abdul Ghani Lone: Abdul Ghani Lone, a prominent All
Party Hurriyat Conference leader, was assassinated by an unidentified
gunmen during a memorial rally in Srinagar. The assassination resulted in
wide-scale demonstrations against the Indian occupied-forces for failing to
provide enough security cover for Mr. Lone.
 20 July 2005 Srinagar Bombing: A car bomb exploded near an
armoured India Army vehicle in the famous Church Lane area
in Srinagar killing four Indian Army personnel, one civilian and the suicide
bomber. Terrorist group Hizbul Mujahideen, claimed responsibility for the
 Budshah Chowk attack: A terrorist attack on 29 July 2005
at Srinagar's city centre, Budshah Chowk, killed two and left more than
17 people injured. Most of those injured were media journalists.
 Murder of Ghulam Nabi Lone: On 18 October 2005, a suspected man
killed Jammu and Kashmir's then education minister Ghulam Nabi
Lone. No Terrorist group claimed responsibility for the attack.
 2016 Uri attack: A terrorist attack by four heavily armed terrorists on
18 September 2016, near the town of Uri in the Indian state of Jammu
and Kashmir, killed 18 and left more than 20 people injured. It was
reported as "the deadliest attack on security forces in Kashmir in two
decades".
 2019 Pulwama attack: On 14 February 2019, a convoy of vehicles
carrying security personnel on the Jammu Srinagar National Highway
was attacked by a vehicle-bound suicide bomber in Lethpora near
Awantipora, Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The attack
resulted in the death of 38 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
personnel and the attacker. The responsibility of the attack was claimed
by the Pakistan-based Islamist militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed.
 INSURGENT ATTACKS
 2001 Indian Parliament attack
 The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was an attack at the Parliament of
India in New Delhi on 13 December 2001. The perpetrators were Lashkar-
e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed terrorists. The attack led to the deaths of
five terrorists, six Delhi Police personnel, two Parliament Security Service
personnel and a gardener, in total 14[ and to increased tensions
between India and Pakistan, resulting in the 2001–02 India–Pakistan
standoff.

 2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff

 The 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff was a military standoff between
India and Pakistan that resulted in the massing of troops on either side of
the border and along the Line of Control in the region of Kashmir. This was
the first major military standoff between India and Pakistan since
the Kargil War in 1999. The military buildup was initiated by India
responding to a 2001 Indian Parliament attack and the 2001 Jammu and
Kashmir legislative assembly attack.
 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings
 The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings was a terrorist attack
targeted on the Samjhauta Express train on 18 February. At
least 68 people were killed, mostly Pakistani civilians but
also some Indian security personnel and civilians.
 2008 Mumbai attacks
 The 2008 Mumbai attacks by ten Pakistani terrorists killed
over 173 and wounded 308. The sole surviving
gunman Ajmal Kasab who was arrested during the attacks
was found to be a Pakistani national. This fact was
acknowledged by Pakistani authorities. In May 2010, an
Indian court convicted him on four counts of murder, waging
war against India, conspiracy and terrorism offences, and
sentenced him to death.
 IMPORTANT TREATIES
 Karachi Agreement
Karachi Agreement was a cease-fire agreement that took place on the 27th of July,
1949 in Karachi. The Agreement was signed by Pakistan’s Minister Mushtaq Ahmed
Gurmani, the President of Azad Kashmir, Sardar Mohammed Ibrahim Khan and the
head of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, Choudhry Ghulam Abbas. As a
result of the agreement, ceasefire was done in Kashmir and a cease-fire line was
established.

 Liaquat-Nehru Pact
On the 8th of April, 1950, a treaty was signed in New Delhi by the Indian Prime
Minister, Jawahar Lal Nehru, and the Pakistani Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, to
guarantee the safe return of the properties of refugees and the rights of minorities in
both countries after the Partition of India and to avert another war between the two
countries.

 Bogra - Nehru Negotiations

In June-July 1953, Muhammad Ali Bogra and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru met in London
and Karachi to settle all outstanding issues between the two countries, including the
Kashmir dispute and promote bilateral relations. However, the talks ended without
reaching any final agreement.
 Sindh Taas Agreement
On the 19th of September, 1960, the Sindh Taas Agreement was signed
between India and Pakistan in Karachi to settle the water dispute between
the two countries. The agreement was signed between former Pakistani
President, General Muhammad Ayub Khan, and Indian Prime Minister,
Jawaharlal Nehru, with the World Bank acting as a mediator. As a result of
the pact, River Ravi, Sutlej and Beas were given to India whereas Pakistan
got the right on the waters of River Indus, Jhelum and Chenab.

 The Tashkent Declaration

On 10th of January, 1966, a peace agreement was signed between India
and Pakistan after the Indo-Pakistan War of September 1965, in Tashkent,
Uzbekistan (a former Soviet Union state). The Prime Minister of Soviet
Union, Alexei Kosygin, moderated between Indian Prime Minister, Lal
Bahadur Shastri, and Pakistani President, Muhammad Ayub Khan.

 The Simla Agreement

The Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan on the 2nd of
July, 1972, in Himachal Pradesh, India. It was signed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto,
the Prime Minister of Pakistan, and Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of
India, after the war between the two countries in the previous year. The
agreement laid down the principles to govern their future relations.
Subsequently, India released more than 90,000 Pakistani military prisoners
of war (POWs) and withdrew its troops from the occupied Pakistani areas.
 The Delhi Agreement
The Delhi Agreement was a trilateral agreement and a bilateral treaty signed
between India and Pakistan on April 9, 1973, in New Delhi. The treaty was signed
by Aziz Ahmed, the Pakistani Minister of State for Defense and Foreign Affairs and
Swaran Singh, the Indian Minister of External Affairs. The two sides agreed on the
repatriation of prisoners of war and civilian internees, following the Simla
Agreement.

 The Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement

The Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan on
the 21st of September, 1988, in Islamabad. It was a bilateral and nuclear weapons
control treaty between the two states on the reduction (or limitation) of nuclear
arms and pledged not to attack or assist foreign powers to attack on each other’s
nuclear installations and facilities. Pakistan was represented by Prime Minister
Benazir Bhutto while Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi represented India.

 The Lahore Declaration

The Lahore Declaration was a bilateral agreement and governance treaty between
India and Pakistan. The treaty was signed on the 21st of February, 1999, at the
conclusion of a historic summit in Lahore. Under the terms of the treaty, a mutual
understanding was reached towards the development of atomic arsenals and to
avoid accidental and unauthorised operational use of nuclear weapons. Prime
Minister Nawaz Sharif of Pakistan and Prime Minister Atal Vajpayee of India
signed the treaty.
 Agra Summit
Agra summit was a historic two-day summit meeting between India and Pakistan
which lasted from 14th -16th of July, 2001. It was organised with the aim of resolving
long-standing issues between India and Pakistan, especially after the Kargil War and
ease out the tension between the two countries. The framework for negotiations of the
Agra Summit began with talks between President Pervez Musharraf and Prime
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. A joint statement was issued.

 Zardari-Manmohan Meeting
On the 16th of June, 2009, Pakistani President, Asif Ali Zardari and Indian Prime
Minister, Manmohan Singh, met in Yekaterinburg, Russia during Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation Summit.

 Gilani-Manmohan Meeting
On July16, 2009, one-on-one talks between Pakistani PM, Yousuf Raza Gilani, and
Indian PM, Manmohan Singh, took place in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, to improve the
bilateral relations between the two countries.

 President Zardari’s visit to India

On the 8th of April, 2012, Zardari paid a private visit to Ajmer Shareef, India. On the
trip, President Zardari held a meeting with Indian Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, in
New Delhi. During this meeting Indian Prime Minister, Singh, accepted President
Zardari’s invitation to visit Pakistan.
CURRENT RELATIONS
 Relations between both the countries are
deteriorating by time.
 There always exists tension on LOC (Line Of
Control).
 After the Phulwama attack the status is even worse.
India impose trade restrictions on Pakistan and
revoked the MFN status.
 Pakistan is named as a terrorist country world wide
and by UN.