Chapter : 03

Torsion

 Torsion
 Flanged bolt couplings
 Torsion of thin-walled tube
 Helical Springs

Prof. Dr. Md. Shawkut Ali Khan

Faculty
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IUBAT
TORSION
Consider a bar to be rigidly attached at one end and twisted at the other end by a torque
or twisting moment T equivalent to F × d, which is applied perpendicular to the axis of the
bar, as shown in the figure. Such a bar is said to be in torsion.
 TORSIONAL SHEARING STRESS, τ
For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject to a twisting moment T, the
torsional shearing stress τ at a distance ρ from the center of the shaft is

and

where J is the polar moment of inertia of the section and r is the outer radius.

For solid cylindrical shaft:

For hollow cylindrical shaft:

 ANGLE OF TWIST
The angle θ through which the bar length L will twist is

where T is the torque in N·mm, L is the length of shaft in mm, G is shear modulus in MPa,
J is the polar moment of inertia in mm4, D and d are diameter in mm, and r is the radius in
mm.
 
POWER TRANSMITTED BY THE SHAFT
A shaft rotating with a constant angular velocity ω (in radians per second) is being acted
by a twisting moment T. The power transmitted by the shaft is

where T is the torque in N·m, f is the number of revolutions per second, and P is the
power in watts.
  Solution:
We know
T = = 1590 N.m
Again,
=
d= 58.7 mm
We know,

=
d =48.6 mm

(Answer)
 Solution:

=0
  the values in equation , we get,
Put
Here, Both sides are fixed, =4580 lb.in
So, and = 5420 lb.in
We know ,
=
=1.185 = 864 psi (Answer)
And = 3450 psi (Answer)
Solution:
 

=+
=
=
= 1.62 (Answer)
The positive result indicates that the net rotation
of A relative to D is clockwise.
Problem 304
A steel shaft 3 ft long that has a diameter of 4 in is subjected to a
torque of 15 kip·ft. Determine the maximum shearing stress and the
angle of twist. Use G = 12 × 106 psi.

Solution 304

       answer
 

          answer
Problem 305
What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not
twist through more than 3° in a 6-m length when subjected to a
torque of 12 kN·m? What maximum shearing stress is developed?
Use G = 83 GPa.

Solution 305

answer
 

      answer
Problem 306
A steel marine propeller shaft 14  in. in diameter and 18 ft long is
used to transmit 5000 hp at 189 rpm. If G = 12 × 106 psi,
determine the maximum shearing stress.
 

Solution 306

          answer
Problem 307
A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed at 80 MPa when twisted
through 4°. Using G = 83 GPa, compute
  the shaft diameter. What
power can be transmitted by the shaft at 20 Hz?

Solution 307

      answer
        answer
Problem 308
A 2-in-diameter steel shaft rotates at 240 rpm. If the shearing stress
is limited to 12 ksi, determine the   maximum horsepower that can
be transmitted.
Solution 308

        answer
Problem 309
A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 4.5 MW at 3 Hz without exceeding a
shearing stress of 50 MPa or twisting through more than 1° in a length of 26
diameters. Compute the proper diameter if G = 83 GPa.

Solution 309

 
Based on maximum allowable shearing stress:

 
Based on maximum allowable angle of twist:
 

Use the larger diameter, thus, d = 352 mm.           answer

Problem 310
Show that the hollow circular shaft whose inner diameter is half the outer
diameter has a torsional strength equal to 15/16 of that of a solid shaft of the
same outside diameter.
Solution 310
Hollow circular shaft:

 
Solid circular shaft:

    (okay!)
 Problem 311
An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter
  of 50 mm is loaded by torques
applied to gears attached to it as shown in Fig. P-311. Using G = 28 GPa,
determine the relative angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A.
 
 Solution:

=+
=
= 4.0021-3.0016+5.336
= 6.34 (Answer)
The positive result indicates that the net rotation
of A relative to D is clockwise.

      answer
Problem 312
A flexible shaft consists of a 0.20-in-diameter steel wire encased in a stationary tube that fits
 
closely enough to impose a frictional torque of 0.50 lb·in/in. Determine the maximum length of
the shaft if the shearing stress is not to exceed 20 ksi. What will be the angular deformation of
one end relative to the other end? G = 12 × 106 psi.
 
Solution 312

 
If θ = dθ, T = 0.5L and L = dL

          answer
Problem 313
Determine the maximum torque that can be applied to a hollow circular steel
shaft of 100-mm outside diameter and an 80-mm inside diameter without
exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa or a twist of 0.5 deg/m. Use G = 83 GPa.
Solution 313
Based on maximum allowable shearing stress:

 
Based on maximum allowable angle of twist:

 
Use the smaller torque, T = 4 198.28 N·m.           answer
Problem 314
The steel shaft shown in Fig. P-314 rotates at 4 Hz with 35 kW taken off at A, 20
kW removed at B, and 55 kW applied at C. Using G = 83 GPa, find the maximum
shearing stress and the angle of rotation of gear A relative to gear C.
 
 
Solution:
We know
T
= = 1392.6 N.m
∴
= = 795.8 N.m
= = 2188.4 N.m

Again,we know

There,
 Now,
=

Now,
= 6.01◦ (Answer)
Problem 315
A 5-m steel shaft rotating at 2 Hz has 70 kW applied at a gear that is 2 m from the left
end where 20 kW are removed. At the right end, 30 kW are removed and another 20
kW leaves the shaft at 1.5 m from the right end. (a) Find the uniform shaft diameter so
that the shearing stress will not exceed 60 MPa. (b) If a uniform shaft diameter of 100
mm is specified, determine the angle by which one end of the shaft lags behind the
other end. Use G = 83 GPa.
 
Solution 315

Part (a)
  
For AB

 
For BC

 
For CD

 
Use d = 69.6 mm           answer
 
 Part (b)

      answer
Problem 316
A compound shaft consisting of a steel segment and an aluminum segment is acted
upon by two torques as shown in Fig. P-316. Determine the maximum permissible
value of T subject to the following conditions: τst ≤ 83 MPa, τal ≤ 55 MPa, and the
angle of rotation of the free end is limited to 6°. For steel, G = 83 GPa and for
aluminum, G = 28 GPa.
 
Solution 316
Based on maximum shearing stress, τmax = 16T / πd3:
Steel  
 

Aluminum

Based on maximum angle of twist, θmax = 6°:

  
Use the least value of T. Thus, T = 679.04 N·m           answer

Problem 317
A hollow bronze shaft of 3 in. outer diameter and 2 in. inner diameter is slipped over a
solid steel shaft 2 in. in diameter and of the same length as the hollow shaft. The two
shafts are then fastened rigidly together at their ends. For bronze, G = 6 × 106 psi, and
for steel, G = 12 × 106 psi. What torque can be applied to the composite shaft without
exceeding a shearing stress of 8000 psi in the bronze or 12 ksi in the steel?
 
Solution:
We know,

For st:
=

For Al:
=

Now,

T =757.4 N.m
Thus the maximum safe value of T is 679.04 N.m

(Answer)
Problem 318
A solid aluminum shaft 2 in. in diameter is subjected to two torques as
shown in Fig. P-318. Determine the maximum shearing stress in each
segment and the angle of rotation of the free end. Use G = 4 × 106 psi.

 
Solution:
We know

Now,
=
= 4.73
Problem 319
The compound shaft shown in Fig. P-319 is attached to rigid supports. For the
bronze segment AB, the diameter is 75 mm, τ ≤ 60 MPa, and G = 35 GPa. For the
steel segment BC, the diameter is 50 mm, τ ≤ 80 MPa, and G = 83 GPa. If a = 2 m
and b = 1.5 m, compute the maximum torque T that can be applied.

Solution:
 
Both sides are fixed,
So,

=
= 1.185
Now, for bronze:

60* =
= 4970.1 N.m
  the values in equation , we get,
Put
= 3104.4 N.m

= 126.5 Mpa which is out of limit

So, this value is not permissible.
Again for steel:

80*=
=1963.5 N.m
Put the values in equation , we get,
= 3143.6 N.m

= 37.95 Mpa
This is permissible.
T= +
=1963.5+3143.6
=5107.15 N.m
=5.11 KN.m (Answer)
Problem 320
In Prob. 319, determine the ratio of lengths b/a so that each material
will be stressed to its permissible limit.
 
What torque T is required?
Solution 320
From the solution of Problem 319:
Maximum Tbr = 4.970 kN·m
Maximum Tst = 1.963 kN·m

      answer
Problem 321
A torque T is applied, as shown in Fig. P-321, to a solid shaft with built-in ends.
Prove that the resisting torques at the walls are T1 = Tb/L and T2 = Ta/L. How
would these values be changed if the shaft were hollow?
Solution 321

      → Equation (1)
 

      → Equation (2a)

      → Equation (2b)

Equations (1) and (2b):

   (okay!)
 
Equations (1) and (2a):

  (okay!)
If the shaft were hollow, Equation (1) would be the same and the equality θ1 = θ2,
by direct investigation, would yield the same result in Equations (2a) and (2b).
Therefore, the values of T1 and T2 are the same (no change) if the shaft were
hollow.

Problem 322
A solid steel shaft is loaded as shown in Fig. P-322. Using G = 83 GPa,
determine the required diameter of the shaft if the shearing stress is limited
to 60 MPa and the angle of rotation at the free end is not to exceed 4 deg.
Solution:
 
Now for AB,

Now for BC,

d= 52 mm
Thus the required diameter is d=52 mm (Answer)
 Problem 323
A shaft composed of segments AC, CD, and DB is fastened to rigid supports and
 
loaded as shown in Fig. P-323. For bronze, G = 35 GPa; aluminum, G = 28 GPa, and
for steel, G = 83 GPa. Determine the maximum shearing stress developed in each
segment.

 Solution:

=0
= 1000 N.m
Now,

=0
++ =0
= 406.24 N.m
  the values in equation , we get,
Put
= 1000 -406.24 = 593.76 N.m
= 406.24 N.m
= 406.24 -300 = 106.24 N.m
= 406.24 -1000 = - 593.76 N.m(compression)
= 132.42 MPa (Answer)
= 4.33 MPa (Answer)
= 193.54 MPa (Answer)
Problem 324
The compound shaft shown in Fig. P-324 is attached to rigid
        supports. For the bronze segment
AB, the maximum shearing stress is limited to 8000 psi and for the steel segment BC, it is
limited to 12 ksi. Determine the diameters of each segment so that each material will be
simultaneously stressed to its permissible limit when a torque T = 12 kip·ft is applied. For
bronze, G = 6 × 106 psi and for steel, G = 12 × 106 psi.

Solution 324

For bronze:

 
For steel:
  

      → Equation (1)

From Equation (1)

          answer
          answer
Problem 325
The two steel shaft shown in Fig. P-325, each with one end built into a rigid support have
flanges rigidly attached to their free ends. The shafts are to be bolted together at their
flanges. However, initially there is a 6° mismatch in the location of the bolt holes as shown
in the figure. Determine the maximum shearing 
stress in each shaft after the shafts are
bolted together. Use G = 12 × 106 psi and neglect deformations of the bolts and flanges.
 

Solution 325

          answer

          answer
Problem 326
A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 20-mm-diameter bolts
spaced evenly around a bolt circle 400 mm in diameter. Determine
the torque capacity of the coupling if the allowable shearing stress
in the bolts is 40 MPa.

Solution 326

      answer
Problem 327
A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten steel ½-in.-diameter bolts
spaced evenly around a bolt circle 14 in. in diameter. Determine
the torque capacity of the coupling if the allowable shearing stress
in the bolts is 6000 psi.
Solution 327

      answer
Problem 328
A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight
  10-mm-diameter steel bolts
on a bolt circle 400 mm in diameter, and six 10-mm-diameter steel
bolts on a concentric bolt circle 300 mm in diameter, as shown in
Fig. 3-7. What torque can be applied without exceeding a shearing
stress of 60 MPa in the bolts?

Solution 328
For one bolt in the outer circle

For one bolt in the inner circle:

       answer

Problem 329
A torque of 700 lb-ft is to be carried by a flanged bolt coupling that
consists of eight ½-in.-diameter steel bolts on a circle of diameter 12
in. and six ½-in.-diameter steel bolts on a circle of diameter 9 in.
Determine the shearing stress in the bolts.
 
Solution 329
  

  →   bolts in the outer circle       answer

  →   bolts in the inner circle      

answer
Problem 330
Determine the number of 10-mm-diameter steel bolts that must be
used on the 400-mm bolt circle of the coupling described in
Prob. 328 to increase the torque capacity to 14 kN·m
Solution 330

  say 12 bolts           answer

Problem 331
A flanged bolt coupling consists of six ½-in. steel bolts evenly spaced around a bolt
circle 12 in. in diameter, and four ¾-in. aluminum bolts on a concentric bolt circle 8
in. in diameter. What torque can be applied without exceeding 9000 psi in the steel
or 6000 psi in the aluminum? Assume Gst = 12 × 106 psi and Gal = 4 × 106 psi.

Solution 331

    → Equation (1)

 
  

    → Equation (2a)

   → Equation (2b)

Equations (1) and (2a)

Equations (1) and (2b)

  

Use T = 77.75 kip·in           answer

Problem 332
In a rivet group subjected to a twisting couple T, show that the
torsion formula τ = Tρ/J can be used to find the shearing stress τ
at the center of any rivet. Let J = ΣAρ2, where A is the area of a
rivet at the radial distance ρ from the centroid of the rivet group.
 

Solution 332
The shearing stress on each rivet is P/A

Where:
  

      (okay!)
 

This shows that τ = Tρ/J can be used to find the shearing stress at
the center of any rivet.

Problem 333
A plate is fastened to a fixed member by four 20-mm-diameter rivets
arranged as shown in Fig. P-333. Compute the maximum and
minimum shearing stress developed.
 
Solution 333

Where:  

 
Maximum shearing stress (ρ = 120 mm):

          answer
 
Minimum shearing stress (ρ = 40 mm):

      answer
Problem 334
Six 7/8-in-diameter rivets fasten the plate in Fig. P-334 to the fixed
member. Using the results of Prob. 332, determine the average
 
shearing stress caused in each rivet by the 14 kip loads. What
additional loads P can be applied before the shearing stress in any
rivet exceeds 8000 psi?

Solution 334
Without the loads P:

Where:
       answer

      answer
 

Note:
The τmaximum is carried by the corner rivets (4 rivets in all) while the τminimum is
carried by the middle two rivets.
 
With the loads P, two cases will arise:
1st case (P )
        answer

Note:
Without the load P = 10 kips, the shear stress at corner rivets is 14 ksi (see τ maximum),
which is way above 8 ksi. Thus, this minimum value of P is necessary to prevent
stressing the corner rivets beyond 8 ksi.
 
2nd case (P > 14 kips)

      answer
Problem 335
The plate shown in Fig. P-335 is fastened to the fixed member by five 10-mm-
diameter rivets. Compute the value of the loads P so that the average shearing
stress in any rivet does not exceed 70 MPa. (Hint: Use the results of Prob. 332.)
 
Solution 335:
Solving for location of centroid
 
of rivets:
 

Where  
  

Show Another way to solve for J

 

The critical rivets are at distance r1 from centroid:

      answer
Problem 337
A torque of 600 N·m is applied to the rectangular section shown in
Fig. P-337. Determine the wall thickness
 
t so as not to exceed a
shear stress of 80 MPa. What is the shear stress in the short sides?
Neglect stress concentration at the corners.
 

Solution 337

 
Where:

      answer
Problem 337
A torque of 600 N·m is applied to the rectangular section shown in Fig. P-337.
Determine the wall thickness t so as not to exceed a shear stress of 80 MPa.
What is the shear stress in the short sides?
  Neglect stress concentration at the
corners.
 

Solution 337

 
Where:

      answer
Problem 338
 
A tube 0.10 in. thick has an elliptical shape shown in Fig. P-338. What torque
will cause a shearing stress of 8000 psi?
 
Solution 338
 

 
 
Where:

      answer
Problem 339
A torque of 450 lb·ft is applied to the square section shown in Fig. P-339.
Determine the smallest permissible dimension a if the shearing stress is limited to
6000 psi.  
 
Problem 339

 
Where:

      answer
Problem 340
A tube 2 mm thick has the shape shown in Fig. P-340. Find the shearing stress
caused by a torque of 600 N·m.
 
 
Solution 340

 
Where:

      answer
  
Problem 341
Derive the torsion formula τ = Tρ / J for a solid circular section by assuming the
section is composed of a series of concentric thin circular tubes. Assume that
 
the shearing stress at any point is proportional to its radial distance.

Solution 341

Where:
  and it follows that       (okay!)
Solution:
 
Now,

0.08 = }
P = 233 N.

U
()

()

= 12.7 Mpa (Answer)

Lower spring ,
()

()

= 81.9 Mpa (Answer)

Problem 343
Determine the maximum shearing stress and elongation in a helical steel spring
composed of 20 turns of 20-mm-diameter wire on a mean radius of 90 mm
when the spring is supporting a load of 1.5 kN. Use Eq. (3-10) and G = 83 GPa.

Problem 343

    → Equation (3-10)

Where:
P = 1.5 kN = 1500 N; R = 90 mm
d = 20 mm; n = 20 turns
m = 2R/d = 2(90)/20 = 9
 

      answer
 

      answer
Problem 344
Determine the maximum shearing stress and elongation in a bronze helical spring
composed of 20 turns of 1.0-in.-diameter wire on a mean radius of 4 in. when the
spring is supporting a load of 500 lb. Use Eq. (3-10) and G = 6 × 106 psi.
Solution 344

  → Equation (3-10)

 
Where
P = 500 lb; R = 4 in
d = 1 in; n = 20 turns
m = 2R/d = 2(4)/1 = 8
 

          answer
 

      answer
Problem 345
A helical spring is fabricated by wrapping  wire 3/4 in. in diameter around a forming
cylinder 8 in. in diameter. Compute the number of turns required to permit an
elongation of 4 in. without exceeding a shearing stress of 18 ksi. Use Eq. (3-9) and
G = 12 × 106 psi.
Solution 345
    → Equation (3-9)

      answer
Problem 346
Compute the maximum shearing stress developed in a phosphor bronze spring
having mean diameter of 200 mm and consisting
  of 24 turns of 200-mm diameter
wire when the spring is stretched 100 mm. Use Eq. (3-10) and G = 42 GPa.
Solution 346

 
Where
δ = 100 mm; R = 100 mm
d = 20 mm; n = 24 turns
G = 42 000 MPa
 

   → Equation (3-10)

Where  
m = 2R/d = 2(100)/20 = 10
 

          answer
Problem 347
Two steel springs arranged in series as shown in Fig. P-347 supports a load P. The
upper spring has 12 turns of 25-mm-diameter wire on a mean radius of 100 mm.
The lower spring consists of 10 turns of 20-mm diameter wire on a mean radius of
75 mm. If the maximum shearing stress in either spring must not exceed 200 MPa,
compute the maximum value of P and the total elongation of the assembly. Use Eq.
(3-10) and G = 83 GPa. Compute the equivalent spring constant by dividing the load
by the total elongation.

 Solution:

()
200* ()
P = 5.18 KN
Lower spring ,
()
200* ()
P = 3.5 KN
This P is permissible for both the spring.
 Now,

=
= {}
= 0.15406 M
= 154 mm (Answer)
== 22.7 kN (Answer)
Problem 348
A rigid bar, pinned at O, is supported by two identical springs as shown in Fig. P-348.
Each spring consists of 20 turns of 3/4-in-diameter wire having a mean diameter of 6
in. Determine the maximum load W that may be supported if the shearing stress in
the springs is limited to 20 ksi. Use Eq. (3-9).

 Solution:
(1)
200* (1)
P = 519.75 lb.

=0
 Again from similar triangle,
=
2=
2*( = (
2=
=

 If =519.75 lb then the will be exceedits limit. if 519.75 lb then = 259.87 lb it will not
exceed limit and both ( and ) are acceptable.

W=
= 371.2 lb (Answer).
Problem 349
A rigid bar, hinged at one end, is supported by two identical springs as shown in
Fig. P-349. Each spring consists of 20 turns of 10-mm wire having a mean
diameter of 150 mm. Compute the maximum shearing stress in the springs, using
Eq. (3-9). Neglect the mass of the rigid bar.
 

 Solution:

=0

196.2………….
Again from similar triangle,
=
=
*( = (
=②
 
From and ②
196.2
10 = 196.2
= 19.62 N
Put the values in equation ②we get,

Now , (1)
(1)
=7.75 Mpa (Answer)
(1)
(1)
=23.23 Mpa (Answer)
Problem 350
As shown in Fig. P-350, a homogeneous 50-kg rigid block is suspended by the three
springs whose lower ends were originally at the same level. Each steel spring has 24
turns of 10-mm-diameter on a mean diameter of 100 mm, and G = 83 GPa. The
bronze spring has 48 turns of 20-mm-diameter wire on a mean diameter of 150
mm, and G = 42 GPa. Compute the maximum shearing stress in each spring using
Eq. (3-9).  

Solution 350

   → Equation (1)

 

    → Equation (2)

 
  

    → Equation (3)

From Equation (1)

Substitute P1 to Equation (3)

     → Equation (4)
 
From Equation (2)
Substitute P2 to Equation (4)

 
For steel at left:
      answer
 

For steel at right:

    answer
 

For phosphor bronze:

    answer