Scribd
Upload
82 views12 pages

Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids and Solids

The document discusses the kinetic molecular theory and intermolecular forces. It explains that the three states of matter - gases, liquids, and solids - are composed of molecules with kinetic energy that are subject to intermolecular forces. Gases have low intermolecular forces and high kinetic energy, allowing molecules to move freely. Liquids have higher intermolecular forces, causing molecules to be closer while still able to move. Solids have the strongest intermolecular forces, fixing molecules into a definite shape and volume, though still vibrating.

Uploaded by

david jenil nabua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
82 views12 pages

Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids and Solids

The document discusses the kinetic molecular theory and intermolecular forces. It explains that the three states of matter - gases, liquids, and solids - are composed of molecules with kinetic energy that are subject to intermolecular forces. Gases have low intermolecular forces and high kinetic energy, allowing molecules to move freely. Liquids have higher intermolecular forces, causing molecules to be closer while still able to move. Solids have the strongest intermolecular forces, fixing molecules into a definite shape and volume, though still vibrating.

Uploaded by

david jenil nabua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Kinetic molecular model

of liquids and solids


kinetic molecular theory (KMT)

• common to the three states of matter

• they are composed of molecules though, not


all times for solids and these possess kinetic
energy.
Three States of Matter
1. The shape and volume of gases are not definite because
the molecules are widely separated, have negligible
attraction for one another, and are constantly moving
rapidly in all directions so they can fill any shape and size of
container.
2. Liquid molecules are close enough to touch one another.
They have attractive forces to keep them together so that
the total volume of a certain amount of them is definite.
Since they can still move, slipping and sliding over one
another, the liquid continues to conform to the shape of its
container.
Three States of Matter
3. Solid particles are closely packed because of
strong attractive forces among them. Their low
kinetic energies cause them to stay in fixed
positions, resulting in definite shape and
volume. At the atomic level, however,
vibrational motion of the molecules is observed.
Intermolecular Forces
• also known as van der Waals forces,
• named after a Dutch chemist, Johannes Van
Der Waal (1837-1923).
• Includes:
– dipole-dipole forces
– ion-dipole forces
– hydrogen bonding
– London dispersion forces.
Van der Waals forces
• are fundamentally electrical in natures; that is, they result
from the attraction between centers of opposite charge in
two molecules close to each other.

• formed when the molecules are close enough such that


one molecule produces varying electrical fields within
itself as it is affected by the electrical fields of the adjacent
molecules. Thus, the induced polarization of molecules
produced by the fluctuations of charges cause those close
enough and properly oriented molecules to attract each
other.
Dipole-dipole Forces
• is the attraction of bond dipoles in different
molecules. Bond dipoles arise from the
unequal sharing of electrons by covalently
bonded atoms.
Ion-Dipole Forces
• These forces exist when polar molecules are
attracted to ions. The positive pole is attracted
to a negative ion (anion), while the negative
pole is attracted to a positive ion (cation).
• are involved in solution processes like in the
case of sodium chloride dissolving in water.
London Dispersion Forces (LDF)
• London Forces
• Dispersion Forces
• are weak attractions that are used to explain
the attraction between nonpolar molecules as
it is apparent that even nonpolar molecules
can have dipoles for short periods of time.
• Dispersion forces increase with increasing
molecular mass and decrease with increasing
distances between the molecules. This
explains why the boiling and melting points of
homologous nonpolar molecules (e.g.,
straight-chain hydrocarbons) increase
regularly with increasing mass.
Hydrogen Bond
• Hydrogen Bridge
• The hydrogen bond is a weak bond formed when a
hydrogen with partial positive charge (a hydrogen
bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom) is
close to an atom in a molecule with lone pairs of
electrons or with excess electronic charge
(negative). It is formed as a result of weak
electrostatic interaction between the partially
positive hydrogen and the negative group or lone
pair of electrons.
• These intermolecular forces are weaker than
either ionic or covalent bonds, but their
importance cannot be underestimated. They
are responsible for determining whether a
molecular compound is a gas, a liquid, or a
solid at a given temperature. They also
account for the differences in some physical
properties of matter in the different phases.

You might also like