LectureCEries

LectureCEries
 CABLES
 Cables Subjected to Uniform Load
 PARABOLIC CURVE
 CATENARY

 Cables Subjected to Concentrated Load

LectureCEries
CABLES
 CABLES
Cables carry applied loads & develop mostly tensile stresses -
Loads applied through hangers - Cables near the end supporting
structures experience bending moments and shear forces
Cables are often used in engineering structures for support and to
transmit loads from one member to another. When used to support
suspension roofs, bridges, and trolley wheels, cables form the main
load-carrying element in the structure. In the force analysis of such
systems, the weight of the cable itself may be neglected; however,
when cables are used as guys for radio antennas, electrical
transmission lines, and derricks, the cable weight may become
important and must be included in the structural analysis. Two cases
will be considered in the sections that follow: a cable subjected to
concentrated loads and a cable subjected to a distributed load.
Provided these loadings are coplanar with the cable, the
requirements for equilibrium are formulated in an identical manner.

Structural Analysis
RC. HIBBELER
Strength of Materials
ANDREW PYTEL & JAAN KIUSALAS
Engineering Mechanics
CABLES SUBJECTED TO CONCENTRATED LOAD
Cables are applied in structural elements in:

The new 6-lane cable-stayed

Golden Ears Bridge
spans nearly 1,000 meters
over the Fraser River.

SUSPENSION BRIDGES

GUY WIRES FOR HIGH

TOWERS
AERIAL TRAMWAYS
TRANSMISSION LINES
CABLES SUBJECTED TO UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
Cables are applied in structural elements in:

PARABOLIC CURVES CATENARY

Charles Kuonen Suspension Bridge – Switzerland The Charles
The Clifton Suspension Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Avon Gorge, Kuonen Suspension Bridge located in Randa, Switzerland, is the
and linking Clifton in Bristol to Leigh Woods in North Somerset, England longest hanging bridge for pedestrian use in the world. It replaced
the Europabrucke which was damaged by a rock slide.
CABLES SUBJECTED TO UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

PARABOLIC CURVES CATENARY

Consider a cable supporting uniform horizontally distributed Consider a cable supporting uniformly loaded along the cable itself
load for a suspension bridge
CABLES SUBJECTED TO CONCENTRATED LOAD
When the weight of the cable is neglected in analysis and is subjected to only
concentrated loads, the cable takes the form of several straight line segments,
each of which is subjected to a constant tensile force.

A  Free Body Diagram

 1 D TA
Ax
yc yD
 3 Ay TB
C
B Methods of Joints
𝛽  2 L3
P2 Methods of Sections
L1 L2
P1
P2
L
P1
Equilibrium Force Equation
ΣFx=0   LENGTH OF CABLE
ΣFy=0 L=+ +
B
ΣM=0

P1
CABLES SUBJECTED TO UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

L/2 L/2

L-X

y2
PARABOLIC CURVES
y1
Consider a cable supporting uniform horizontally distributed
load for a suspension bridge
 L/2 L/2

𝑇
  𝐵
O
y/sag
H Y=d 𝜔𝑙/2
 
 𝐻
𝜔
 
TA L/2
TB
Ay By
ΣMB=0

Ax Bx H(d)=
y   2 2 2
O 𝑇
  𝐵 = 𝐻 +( 𝜔 𝑙 / 2   )
  H= 2
  𝐵= √ 𝐻 + ( 𝜔 𝑙 / 2   )
𝑇
2

𝜔
 

2 2
  𝐵=𝑇 𝐴 = √ 𝐻 + ( 𝜔 𝑙 /2   )
𝑇

TB y
To=H
𝜔𝑙/2
 
H 𝜔
 
L/2
 L-X

X
𝜔
  (𝑙− 𝑥)
y1 𝜔
  𝑥 H H y2
y2
y1
𝜔
 

TA 𝑇
  𝐵
By
TB 𝜔
  𝑥 𝜔
  (𝑙− 𝑥)
H  𝐻
TA Bx
ΣMa=0 ΣMb=0
Ay
  H(y1)=   H(y2)=
Ax O
  H=   H=
𝜔
 
𝐻=𝐻
 
X L-X   =
PARABOLIC CABLES
LENGTH OF CABLE
𝛼 
TB
Sag, denoted as y wx 2
To 𝑑𝑦

𝜔
 
To
𝑑𝑦 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑥
ds dy/dx
√
𝑑  𝑠= 1+( )
𝑑𝑥
 
𝑚=𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃= = = 1
x 𝑑𝑥 𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑇𝑜 2
𝑤𝑥
  √
𝑑 𝑠= 1+(
𝑇𝑜
)

ΣFx=0 𝑇 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝜔 ( x ) 𝑥 2
𝑤𝑥
𝑇  𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼=𝑇 0 𝑇 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
=
𝑇0

𝜔(x) Since
√
∫  𝑑𝑠 =∫
0
1+(
𝑇𝑜
) 𝑑𝑥

 
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼=   𝑥
𝑤𝑥 2
ΣFy=0 𝑇0  
𝑠= ∫√ 1+(
𝑇𝑜
) 𝑑𝑥
0

  (L/2) 𝑑𝑦 𝜔( x )
  = 𝑇
𝑑𝑥 𝐿=𝑆 1+ 𝑆 2
0
2
 
  𝑤𝑥
ΣMB=0  ∫ 𝑑𝑦=∫ 𝜔( x ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑦= +𝐶
𝑇0 2𝑇𝑜 Parabolic Equation:
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘
To(y)=wx(x/2) 𝑦=𝑘 𝑥 2
2
   
  𝑤𝑥 2   𝑤 𝑥 𝑦 ′=2𝑘𝑥 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑘
𝑦= 𝑦=    
2𝑇𝑜 2 𝑇𝑜 𝑥
  ∫ √1+ 𝑦 ′2 𝑑𝑥
𝑠=
0
 CATENARY CABLE L

x2

X1

CATENARY
y1 y2
Consider a cable supporting uniformly loaded along the cable itself
c
 L

 
y
𝑑  2 𝑦 𝜔 𝑑𝑦 2
=(
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑇 0
) 1+
√
𝑑𝑥 ( )
ΣFx=0 2
𝑑  𝑦 𝜔 𝑑𝑦
2

𝑇  𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼=𝑇 0
To
𝑆  𝛼 
y
=(
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑇 0
) 1+
√
𝑑𝑥 ( )
ΣFy=0
 𝑦= 𝑇𝑜 ( 𝑤𝑥
  𝜔
  𝑤 ( cosh
𝑇𝑜 )
−1
)
𝜔 (s ) x
  = 𝑇
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼
0

𝑇𝑏
  ds 𝑑  𝑠= √ 𝑑𝑥2 +𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝜔( s ) dy
  = 𝑇
𝑑𝑥
 s
0
  2
𝑤𝑠
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝜔(s )
 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑥 )= 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑇 )
0
𝑇𝑜
  dx
𝑑 𝑠= 1+
√
𝑇𝑜 ( )
 
 x2
Relate T and To to C Find dx in terms of ds
2
X1 2
𝑇  =√ 𝐻 + ( 𝑤𝑠 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝐻
h2   𝜃=
𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑑𝑆   𝜃=
𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑇
2
h1 𝑇  = 𝑤
√ 2
( 𝐻
𝑤
2
+𝑠
2
) 𝑑𝑥
  =
𝑑𝑠
𝐻
√(
𝐻

1+
𝑠2
𝑐2 )
y2 2
y1
c
𝑇  =𝑤
√( 𝐻
𝑤
2
+𝑠
2
) 𝑑𝑥=
 
𝑑𝑠
2

𝑇 =𝑤 √ ( 𝑐 + 𝑠 )
 
2 2
  Let C= √( 1+
𝑠
𝑐
2 )
2 𝑑𝑠

h2 ds dy
𝛼  𝑇  =𝑤𝑐
√( 𝑠
1+ 2
𝑐
2
)   𝑑𝑥 =∫
∫
√( 𝑠
1+ 2
𝑐
2

)
ws1
h1 ws2 dx 𝑇  =𝐻
√( 1+
𝑠
𝑐
2 )
y1 H H y2 Horizontal Tension at Lowest Point
c
T   H=
ws Tangential Tension at Supports

𝜔
2 2
  H 𝑇  =√ 𝐻 + ( 𝑤𝑠 )
  =   =
 Relate T and To to C Find dx in terms of ds Relate x in terms of s
2
𝑇  =√ 𝐻 2 + ( 𝑤𝑠 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝐻 𝑑𝑠
  𝜃=
𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑑𝑆   𝜃=
𝑐𝑜𝑠   𝑑𝑥 =∫
∫ Inverse SinH
𝑇 𝑠2

𝑇  =
√ 𝑤 2
( 𝐻2 2
𝑤2
+𝑠
) 𝑑𝑥
  =
𝑑𝑠
𝐻 √( 1+
𝑐
2 )
𝑠2

2
𝐻
√( 1+ 2
𝑐 ) 𝑥=𝑐
  𝑠𝑖𝑛h
−1 𝑠
𝑐
𝑇  =𝑤
√( 𝐻
𝑤
2
+𝑠
2
) 𝑑𝑥=
 
𝑑𝑠
2
𝑥 −1 𝑠
 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑐
𝑇 =𝑤 √ ( 𝑐 + 𝑠 )
 
2 2
  Let C= √( 𝑠
1+ 2
𝑐 )
2 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑥
𝑇  =𝑤𝑐
√( 𝑠
1+ 2
𝑐
2
)   𝑑𝑥 =∫
∫
√( 1+
𝑠
𝑐
2
2

)
 𝑐 =𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑐

𝑥
𝑇  =𝐻
√( 1+
𝑠
𝑐
2 ) 𝑠=𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛h
  𝑐

Horizontal Tension at Lowest Point

T
ws   H=
2 Tangential Tension at Supports
H 𝑇  =√ 𝐻 2 + ( 𝑤𝑠 )
  =   =
Relate y to x and c Relate y c and s
    - 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙
 
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠h
  𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 h2 𝑥=1
𝑥 2 𝑥 2
   𝑦= 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥
 
2
( ) ( )
𝑦 − 𝑠 =𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠h
2
𝑐
2
2
− 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 h
𝑐 𝑐
2 2 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
[ 𝑐 𝑐 ]
  𝑠=
  𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛h
𝑦 − 𝑠 =𝑐 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠h ) − ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛h )
2 2 2 𝑐
 

  dx  𝑦 2 − 𝑠 2=𝑐2

𝑦 𝑥 Relate y and h
∫ 𝑑𝑦 =∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑐𝑥 dx
 
𝑐 0  𝑦 2 − 𝑠 2=𝑐2 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙
 
2 2   H=
 𝑦= 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥  𝑦= √ 𝑐 +𝑠 𝑇 =𝑤 √ ( 𝑐
 
2 2
+𝑠 )
𝑐
𝑇 =𝑤𝑦
 

2 2
𝑇 =𝑤 √ ( 𝑐 + 𝑠 )
 
PARABOLIC CABLES EXAMPLE

SYMMETRICAL

A cable weighing a uniformly distributed load w=70N/m.

The horizontal span between support is 150m. The sag of
the cable at its midspan 8 m
Find the Minimum Tension of the Cable
Find the Maximum Tension of the cable
Find the Length of Cable

𝜔=70 𝑁 /𝑚
 
𝐿=150 𝑚
 
𝑦=8
 
Minimum Tension Maximum Tension

𝐻=𝑤¿¿
   
𝑇= 𝐻 +
𝜔𝐿
√
2 ( )
2
2

T=TB=TA
𝐻=70¿¿
 
  70(150)
2
ΣMB=0

𝐻=24609.375
 
𝐻=24.61 𝑘𝑁
𝑁 /𝑚 √
𝑇 = (24.61) +

𝑇  =25.16 𝑘𝑁
( 1000(2) )
2
 

 
H(8)=

H=  
  = +(70(

H=
 
PARABOLIC CABLES EXAMPLE

SYMMETRICAL

A cable weighing a uniformly distributed load w=70N/m.

The horizontal span between support is 150m. The sag of
the cable at its midspan 8 m
Find the Minimum Tension of the Cable
Find the Maximum Tension of the cable
Find the Length of Cable

𝜔=70 𝑁 /𝑚 Minimum Tension Maximum Tension

 
𝐿=150 𝑚
  𝐻=24.61
  𝑘𝑁 𝑇  =25.16 𝑘𝑁
𝑦=8
  S
Length of Cable

𝑥 2
𝑤𝑥
  ∫
𝑠=
0 √ 1+(
𝑇𝑜
) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2

75
70 (75)
2
𝐿=2 𝑆
 
 
√
𝑠=∫ 1+( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Parabolic Equation
 
𝑠=∫
0 √ 1+
(
(1000)24.61 )
𝑑𝑥 𝐿=153.38 𝑚
 
𝑠=
0
𝑥
  ∫ √1+( 𝑦 ′ ) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
𝑦=𝑘 𝑥 2
 
8=𝑘 (75)2 𝑘 =1.42 𝑥 10 3

𝑠=76.69 𝑚 25
   
  16 2
 
𝑠=∫ 1+
0 √
75 ( )
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′=2𝑘𝑥
 ′
𝑦  =2 ( 1.42 𝑥 103 ) ( 75 )=
16
25
PARABOLIC CABLES EXAMPLE
L-X
UNSYMMETRICAL
X
A cable weighing a uniformly distributed load w=70N/m.
The horizontal span between support is 150m. As shown in figure:
8m
Find the Minimum Tension of the cable 3m
Find the Tension of the cable at A & B
Find the Length of Cable
w=70
Minimum Tension

ΣMa=0 ΣMb=0
L=150
H(3)=   H(8)=
 
H=
  H=  
3m H H 8m

𝑥=56.97 𝑚 H= 70
  𝑁 /𝑚
  =     70
  𝑁 /𝑚
Tension at cable A Tension at cable B

  = +(70(
  = +(70(
TA 𝑇
  𝐵
TA =   TB = 𝜔
  𝑥 𝜔
  (𝑙− 𝑥)
 
X H  𝐻
 PARABOLIC CABLES EXAMPLE

SYMMETRICAL

A cable weighing a uniformly distributed load w=70N/m.

The horizontal span between support is 150m. The sag of
the cable at its midspan 8 m
Find the Minimum Tension of the Cable
Find the Maximum Tension of the cable
Find the Length of Cable

𝑥=56.97
  𝑚   H=

Length of Cable

𝑥
𝑤𝑥 2
  ∫
𝑠=
√ 1+(
𝑇𝑜
) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
Parabolic Equation
 𝑦 3  𝑚 8  𝑚
56.97
0

70(56.97)
2 90.03 2
 
0 𝑑𝑥 √
𝑠=∫ 1+( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑦=𝑘 𝑥 2
 
 𝑥
𝑘
56.97
  𝑚 90.03
  𝑚
 
𝑠= ∫
0 √ 1+
((1000)(37.86)
 
𝑑𝑥 𝑠=
) ∫
0 √ 1+
( 70(90.03)
)
(1000)(37.86)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
  ∫ √1+( 𝑦 ′ )2 𝑑𝑥
𝑠=
0
𝑦 ′=2𝑘𝑥
 
 
𝑦′
 
9 .24 𝑥 10− 4
 
0 .11
 
9.24 𝑥 10 −4
 
0 .17
 
𝑠 1=57.28 𝑚 𝑠 2=94.40 𝑚
    56.97 90.03
𝑠  1=
2
∫ √ 1+ ( 0.11 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑠  2= ∫ √1+ ( 0.11 )2 𝑑𝑥
0 0
L=S1+S2 L=151.68m
𝑠 1=57.28 𝑚 𝑠 2=94.40
   
PARABOLIC CABLES EXAMPLE
For Approximate Length of Cable   𝑑
𝑚=
SYMMETRICAL 𝐿
3
A cable weighing a uniformly distributed load w=70N/m.
 𝑆= 𝐿+ 8 𝑚𝑑 − 32𝑚 𝑑
The horizontal span between support is 150m. The sag of 3 5
the cable at its midspan 8 m For Exact Length of Cable
Find the approximate length of cable
𝐿
Find the Exact Length of cable  
𝑆=
8𝑚
[ 2 2
4 𝑚 ( √ 1+ ( 4 𝑚 ) ) +𝑙𝑛 ( 4 𝑚 + √ 1+ ( 4 𝑚 ) ) ]
𝐿=153.38 𝑚
 

For Approximate of Cable For Exact Length of Cable

2 4
  𝐿+ 8 𝑑 − 32 𝑑  
𝑆=

 
𝑆=150+
3𝐿 3

8(8)
−
5𝐿
2
32(8) 4
𝑆=
𝐿 4𝑑
8𝑑 𝐿
2

[ (√ ( ) ) ( √ ( ) ) ]
1+
4𝑑
𝐿
2
+ 𝑙𝑛
4𝑑
𝐿
+ 1+
4𝑑
𝐿
2

3(150) 5(150)3

𝑆=151.1300
  𝑚
 
𝑆=
(150)2 4 (8)
8(8) 150 [ 1+
4(8)
(√ ( ) ) (
150
2
+𝑙𝑛
4 (8)
150 √
+ 1+ ( ) )]
4 (8)
150
2

𝑆=151.1301
  𝑚