Introduction to

Programming
• An Introduction to Java Programming
Grab a Bag
I am ___________.
I always bring along with me a/an _______
because _______________________.
 INTRODUCTION TO
PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS
• What is a Computer?
• Basic Components of a Computer
• Hardware Concepts
• Number Systems and Conversions
• Software Concepts
• Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
WHAT IS A
COMPUTER?
 anelectronic device that performs a variety of task
according to specific instructions.
a data processing machine that accepts input information,
processes it according to a list of internally stored
instructions called a program, and produces the resultant
output information
 Program
 a set of instructions telling a computer what to do
 Programming
 the craft of implementing one or more interrelated abstract
algorithms using a particular programming language to
produce a concrete computer program
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
 Hardware
 the physical equipment of a computer system,
including the monitor, keyboard, central processing
unit, and storage devices

 Software
 refers to one or more computer programs and data
held in the storage of a computer for some purpose
HARDWARE CONCEPTS
 Data representation
 conversion of images, letters and sounds into
electrical signals

 Digital electronics
 manipulation of “on” and “off” signals to perform
complex tasks
HARDWARE CONCEPTS
 Digital device
 works with discrete signals, such as 0 and 1

 Analog device
 works with continuous data
 Digital data representation
How can a computer represent numbers using
bits?
 “0” and “1” are also known as bits or binary digits
 The computer uses the binary number system
which uses only two digits: 0 and 1.
 A series of 0’s and 1’s results in a particular number
much in the same way we use the decimal number
system
Digital Data representation
Decimal (Base 10) Binary Base 2
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
 Digital Data representation
A closer look on bits:

 How come 5 became 0101 when converted to binary?

NUMBER SYSTEM CONCEPTS
 “Deka”
 Greek word denoting a value equal to ten
 Example:
 2,048 MB

Va lue Num e ric Va lue

Dig it
De no ta tio n De no ta tio n
2 th o u sa n d s 1,000
0 h u n d re d s 100
4 te n s 10
8 o ne s 1
NUMBER SYSTEM CONCEPTS

Example A:
 Derive the decimal value of 6409

Solution:
6409 = 0 x 90 + 4 x 91 + 6 x 92
=0x1+4x9+6x9x9
= 0 + 36 + 486
= 52210
NUMBER SYSTEM CONCEPTS

Example B:
 Derive the decimal value of 64012

Solution:
64012 = 0 x 120 + 4 x 121 + 6 x 122
= 0 x 1 + 4 x 12 + 6 x 12 x 12
= 0 + 48 + 864
= 91210
NUMBER SYSTEM CONCEPTS

Example C:
 Derive the decimal value of 64016

Solution:
64016 = i=1∑i=3 pi 16(i-1)
= 0 x 160 + 4 X 161 + 6 X 162
= 0 + 64 + 1536
= 1600
DIGITS IN A NUMBER SYSTEM
 Hexadecimal, Octal, & Binary Systems
Example A:
 Derive the decimal value of 110111012

Solution:
110111012 = 1 x 20 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 22
+ 1 x 23 + 1 x 24 + 0 x 25
+ 1 x 26 + 1 x 27
Value = 1 + 0 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 0 + 64 + 128
= 22110
DIGITS IN A NUMBER SYSTEM

Example B:
 Derive the decimal value of 541760238

Solution:
541760238 = 3 x 80 + 2 x 81 + 0 x 82
+ 6 x 83 + 7 x 84 + 1 x 85
+ 4 x 86 + 5 x 87
Value = 3 + 16 + 0 + 3072 + 28672
+ 32768 + 1048576 + 10485760
= 1159886710
DIGITS IN A NUMBER SYSTEM

Example C:
 Derive the decimal value of 24CF16

Solution:
24CF16 = F x 160 + C x 161 + 4 x 162 + 2 x 163

Value = 15 + 192 + 1024 + 8192

= 94231010
OPERATIONS AND CONVERSIONS OF
NUMBER SYSTEMS
 One Number System to Another Number
System
Example A:
 Derive the octal value of 10112

Solution:
a. Convert 10112 to decimal:

10112 = 1 x 20 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 23
decimal value = 1 + 2 + 0 + 8 = 1110
OPERATIONS AND CONVERSIONS OF
NUMBER SYSTEMS
Example B: (Alternative Method)
 Derive the octal value of 101110112

Solution:
Group the binary digits into three:
101110112 = 10 111 0112 = 010 111 0112
421
Now, 0 1 0 = 2
421
111=7
421
011=3
Therefore,
010 111 0112 = 2738
OPERATIONS AND CONVERSIONS OF
NUMBER SYSTEMS
Example C: (Alternative Method)
 Derive the hexadecimal value of 10111011
2
Solution:
Group the binary digits into four:
101110112 = 1011 10112
8421
Now, 1 0 1 1 = 11
8421
1 0 1 1 = 11
But 1116 = B; therefore,
101110112 = BB16
 Digital Data representation

How then can a computer represent words and

letters using bits?

 Bits can also be used to represent character data. In

this case, computers makes use of 0 and 1 as a
replacement to dashes and dots.
 Digital Data representation
Types of codes:

ASCII
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange
 requires only seven bits for each character

EBCDIC
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
an alternative 8-bit code used by older IBM mainframe computers

UNICODE
uses 8, 16, or 32 bits providing codes for 65,000 characters (represent the
alphabets of multiple languages) and becoming popular
Digital Data representation

 Extended ASCII code

 makes use of a series of 0’s
and 1’s to represent 256
characters (including letters for
uppercase and lowercase,
numbers, and symbols).
BITS AND BYTES
 BIT
 an abbreviation of binary digit
 Abbreviated as a lowercase “b”

 BYTE
 a collection of bits (8 bits)
 abbreviated as an uppercase “B”
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
How are bits stored and transferred from
one point to another?
 Since most computers are electronic devices,
bits take the form of electrical pulses
traveling over the circuits. All circuits, chips,
and mechanical components forming a
computer are designed to work with bits.
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
 Basic parts of a computer

Processor
or CPU
Input Output
Devices Devices
Computer

Memory
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
 Input devices
 are machines that generate input for the computer, such as
keyboard and mouse.
 Processor or CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 is the central electronic chip that controls the processes in the
computer
 determines the processing power of the computer
 Output devices
 are machines that display information from the computer, such as
monitor, speaker, and printer
 Memory
 is the part of the computer that stores applications, documents,
and systems operating information
 SOFTWARE CONCEPTS
What is a software?
 computer instructions or data
 anything that can be stored electronically
 computer programs, modules (support and data) working together
providing computers with instructions and data for certain task (e.g.
word processing, internet browsing)
SOFTWARE BASICS
Data vs. Software
 Before, the term “software” is always associated to
all non-hardware components of a computer.
 However, modern definitions made it clear that all
documents, spreadsheets and even downloaded
materials from the net are now classified as data.
SOFTWARE BASICS
 Source code
 Code written by the programmer
 Object code
 machine language representation of the source code
 Linker
 creates the executable code
 combines program object code, object code from library
routines and any other required system code into one
addressable machine language file
SOFTWARE BASICS
Application Software vs. System Software

 Application software
 are computer programs that are used to accomplish specific or
specialized tasks for computer users

 System software
 helps the computer carry out its basic operating functions.
SOFTWARE BASICS
Computer User

computer user instructs

the application program
to print a document

Application
Software
(Microsoft Word)

application software
makes a request to the
system software to print
the document

System Software
(Operating System,
Device Drivers)

system software controls

the printer as the
document is printed

Hardware
(Computer, Printer)
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
 Software Development Life Cycle
 a methodology that is typically used to develop, maintain, and
replace information systems for improving the quality of the
software design and development process
 Importance of SDLC
 In order to create systems that are good in design
 It serves as a guide in systems development
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
Five phases of SDLC

 Planning
 Analysis
 Design
 Implementation
 Maintenance
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
Planning Phase
 the initial stage in the SDLC that has to be
performed
 includes the information about the requirements for
the proposed software
 known as the feasibility study phase

“In the first phase of the SDLC,

the organization’s total information
system needs are identified, analyzed,
prioritized, and arranged.”
 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
Analysis Phase
 requires the analyst to thoroughly study the current
procedures or software used to execute tasks in an
organization
 the main goal in this phase is to identify the
requirements for a new software or simply change
several aspects in the current working system
“This phase studies the current system
and produces proposed alternatives or replacements.”
 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
Design Phase
 during this phase, the developer of the software translates the
result of the previous phase into actual design or specifications
of the software
 development of the software involves covering the input and
output screens to reports, databases, and computer process
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
Implementation Phase
 Coding
 creation of the actual program
 Testing
 both programmer and analyst submits the software to various
“quality testing” to discover if there are any bugs within the
software
 Installation
 after coding and testing is done, the actual software must be
installed and slowly or completely replaces the old software
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

Maintenance Phase

 used to make necessary patches to remove

found errors
 where the software is systematically
repaired and improved based on errors or
possible new requirements found
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

Waterfall SDLC
 Suggests that prior to proceeding to next phase, the
current phase should be finished first.

Planning

Analysis

Design

Implementation

Maintenance
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
 Modified waterfall
 allows overlap between phases

PLANNING
ANALYSIS
DESIGN
IMPLEMENTATION
MAINTENANCE

 Iterative SDLC
 allows phases to repeat, if necessary
ANALYZE ANALYZE
PLANNING DESIGN DESIGN MAINTAIN SYSTEM
IMPLEMENT IMPLEMENT
Introduction to
Programming
• An Introduction to Java Programming