Globalization 3.

0
(2000 – Present)
 Globalization 3.0
(2000 – Present)

• Globalizations of Individuals (“Small Tiny”)

 Individuals of diverse background able to collaborate and compete globally.

• Aided by Personal Computers, Fiber-optic internet

connection and software
 Advance in global electronic Interconnectivity.

• Driven by policies that have opened economies

domestically and internationally.

• According to Thomas Friedman, today’s Globalization is

“Farther, Faster, Cheaper and Deeper”
 Information and Communication
Technologies
• Are technological infrastructure/products that
facilitates the acquisition, storage, analysis,
manipulate and distribute;
• Also Includes the variety of other technologies
that enable to collect, processing, transition, and
preparation of information in a number of ways,
including voice, data, text, and video.
• Examples are: Cell phone/Mobile Phone, Computer and
Internet, webcams, email, DVDs, flash memory, hard
drive.
ICT and GLOBALIZATION
• ICTs are the primary instruments facilitating
globalization process, as transnational circulation
of commodities, text, image, video delivered
through ICT service and platforms.

• Penetrate all economic and social activity; and

• Erodes the constraint of space and time., this

erosion was a necessary procedure to the
information of a global economy.
Rise of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
“Non-Governmental Organization” or Civil Society.
• The growth of NGOs has been dramatic. From 175 in
1909 to 45 000 in 2000.
• NGOS are classified in three broad categories:
– Human Rights/Humanitarian – monitor and report human
right abuses and advocate for human rights standard law .e.g. (World
Food Organization)
– Developmental NGOs – provide aid to support economic, political
and social development. BRAC (Bangladesh Rural Advancement
Committee)
– Environmental NGOs - focuses on the improvement of state and
natural environment. World Wildlife Fund.
 NGO’s and GLOBALIZATION

• Internet has made a dramatic

contribution to the growth and
effectiveness on NGOs.

•Allows citizen all over the world to

participate to global civil society.

•Can give immediate attention to human

rights abuses and environmental issues
simply by sending emails, posting blogs
or uploading pictures or videoes.
 HUMAN RIGHTS EMPOWERMENT:
• Human Rights are the basic rights and freedom
that belong to every person in the world.

Civil and political rig Social, cultural and eco

hts nomic rights
•The right to life and •The right to
liberty participate in culture
•Freedom of •The right to work
expression •The right to an
•Equality before the adequate standard of
law living
•The right to be free •The right to education
from discrimination
 ECONOMICS:
• In present, Global Economic system is becoming
increasingly integrated through trade and investment
flows;
• Intensified worldwide interdependencies and economic
and exchange while at the same time–mutual reliance.
• Expanded flows of commerce provided profits, jobs,
efficiencies of scale, lowered unit costs, and increased
the variety of goods available for everyone to buy.
NATION, STATE, NATION-
STATE SYSTEM
 NATION:
– created by shared culture and/or ethnicity
inside the country;
– Cultural and ethnic entity.
– shares national culture: holidays, history and
education.
– E.g. whether you live in Cleveland, Denver or
San Francisco still you’re connected to
Americans.
STATE:
– is an internationally recognized, politically
organized, populated, geographical area
that possesses sovereignty.
– States are geopolitical entities with the
following characteristics:
• a fixed territory with boundaries;
• a population;
• a government;
• the capacity to enter into relations with other
states.
NATION-STATE:
– literally brings the two definition of “state”
and “nation” together;
– Specific kind of state, one that provides a
sovereign territory for a particular nation. Or;
– A system of organization which people with a
common identity live inside a country with a
firm borders and a single government.
 Emergence of Nation- State system:
 The feudal and the Catholic Church has dominated in
Europe political life. The church established an
Empire: The Holy Roman Empire.
 Despite the long rule, the church started to decline
that leads to complex factors. E.g. Gutenberg's invention of
the printing press (1430s) made the Bible more widely available..
 Bubonic plague rise (Black Death).1
 Theologians challenge the Church’s political and
societal authority: Martin Luther.
 Emergence of Nation- State system:
 Martin Luther posted 95 theses, and wants to have reform in
some doctrines and practices.
 His Action led to the emergence of Protestant Reformation.
 1600’s, the religious and political tension resulted to thirty
years war. (1618-48)
 The war left a big impact to Germany, Sweden and Central
Europe.
The War ended with the Peace of Westphalia – beginning of
the modern nation-state system also know as Westphalia
system; This was the first time that many European leaders
came together and recognized one another’s territorial
sovereignty
 Rise of the Nation-State
System
 In 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia War in Europe.
• Because of the treaty, the Rome could no longer command t he
allegiance of states and Pope had no right to interfere in the affairs of
state.
States should refrain from interfering in the each other’s affairs.
 The concept of Nationhood–national identity or independence–spread
from Europe to the rest of the World.
• United States its independence in 1783; Haiti in 1804; most of Latin
America achieved independence by the 1820’s ; and, the New World
gained it’s independence in the 19th century.
 On the other hand, The rise of nationalism was also accompanied by the
emergence of aggressive nationalism in international relations.
• The two World Wars came mainly due to rise of intense, aggressive and
militant nationalism of some states, particularly their dictators.
 after WWII, with in the Europe, the idea of nationalism was discredited, and
sympathy grew in pan-European vision that lead to the creation of European
Union.
 Rise of the Nation-State
System
The first wave of nationalist movement took place in the late
18th and early 19th centuries and freed most of the Americas from
European control.
The second wave was after the WW1, in 1945, when the
Caribbean, Africa, Asia and Pacific gained the independence.
 Within Europe itself, the continent was divided;
 The US and Soviet Union dominated the international system.
 The age of European dominance had passed but the tension
endured between the nation-state and global forces.
 The Nation-State’s
Challenges: Internal and
External Challenges,
 The Nation-state’s INTERNAL
Challenges:
Ethnic minorities and increase global migrate causes disorder in the implied
unity of a nation-state:
• Differences between religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic, language are not
always cause of division but can be a root of conflict.
– Northern Ireland the Catholic and Protestant; in India, Muslim and Hind
have struggles to control province of Kashmir; this might led to violent
clashes
• Ethno- Nationalism consider as one on a nation-state’s threat as it shows an
extreme attachment to ethnicity.
– A desire to establish independent nation-state based solely in ethnicity.
• Migration often struggles to be accepted in their new homes as cultural
difference and economically competitors.
– In France, 2005, and 2007, youths rioted and demanding for better
education and job opportunities. Most of the protestors are were Muslim
 The Nation-state’s EXTERNAL
Challenges:
International Governmental Organizations (IGOs): that nation-states j
for specific purpose: promoting peace, enhancing trade and encouraging
cooperation.
However, this organization can pose challenges to nation-states because
members are expected to modify their behavior in accordance with the
IGO’s goals.
–E.g. the World Trade Organization (WTO) can declare a member’s
trade policy and impose sanction upon members that failed to comply
with WTO decision.
–When the US imposed tariff on imported steel to protect the steel
industry, the WTO ruled in 2003 that this would violate global trade rule
.
 The Nation-state’s EXTERNAL
Challenges:
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) there are thousands
NGOs operating in international arena. And they are providing
services and functions such as: in food, poverty, health care,
infrastructure development, education ,security, etc.
• But, when the citizen, transfer their expectations for basic service
from nation-states to NGOs they also begin to question the purpo
and legitimacy as government.
–If the citizens would not be satisfied in government’s service, they might be
refuse to pay taxes. The lack of tax revenue compounds the problems facin
poor government and further impending their ability to provide basic service
•Critics worry that unelected outsiders are exerting undue influenc
over the political, social, cultural/economic affairs with in the states
 The Nation-state’s EXTERNAL
Challenges:
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are private companies that
conduct business (or have a business) in a country.
•MNCs are powerful because the a mount of money involved in th
operations as well as their role in providing essential state service
•Government are increasingly relying on MNCs to provide basic
service to people.
– Government privatized the services such transportation, access to water,
etc. because of the wealth, reach and ability to move from country to other
country and the role they play in nation state and global policy.
 The Nation-state’s EXTERNAL
Challenges:
Multinational Corporations (MNCs):
• MNCs has a positive side, they brings job opportunity to the
community; make products available; and, bring investment
opportunities to local people with capital.
•On the other hand, it also case negative effect:
–Put pressure to government not to put enforces worker’s right or safety law
•By threatening to close down their operations, the successfully convinced countries to
decrease labor standard.
–Demands to tax breaks
• which works to the diminish of the tax base of the developing country’s government, thu
putting greater tax burden on the local population.
THANK
YOU!
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