1

Arrays
Outline
Introduction
Arrays
Declaring Arrays
Examples Using Arrays

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 Array
• The Array is the most commonly used Data
Storage Structure.

• It’s built into most Programming languages.

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 3

Introduction

• Arrays
– Structures of related data items
– Static entity (same size throughout program)
• A few types
– Pointer-based arrays (C-like)
– Arrays as objects (C++)

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 4

Arrays

• Array
– Consecutive group of memory locations
– Same name and type (int, char, etc.)
• To refer to an element
– Specify array name and position number (index)
– Format: arrayname[ position number ]
– First element at position 0
• N-element array c
c[ 0 ], c[ 1 ] … c[ n - 1 ]
– Nth element as position N-1

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 5

Arrays

• Array elements like other variables

– Assignment, printing for an integer array c
c[ 0 ] = 3;
cout << c[ 0 ];
• Can perform operations inside subscript
c[ 5 – 2 ] same as c[3]

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  6

Arrays
Name of array (Note
that all elements of
this array have the
same name, c)

c[0] -45
c[1] 6
c[2] 0
c[3] 72
c[4] 1543
c[5] -89
c[6] 0
c[7] 62
c[8] -3
c[9] 1
c[10] 6453
c[11] 78

Position number of the

element within array c

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 7

Declaring Arrays

• When declaring arrays, specify

– Name
– Type of array
• Any data type
– Number of elements
– type arrayName[ arraySize ];
int c[ 10 ]; // array of 10 integers
float d[ 3284 ]; // array of 3284 floats

• Declaring multiple arrays of same type

– Use comma separated list, like regular variables
int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];

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 8

Examples Using Arrays

• Initializing arrays
– Initializer list
• Specify each element when array declared
int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
• If not enough initializers, rightmost elements 0
• If too many syntax error
– To set every element to same value
int n[ 5 ] = { 0 };
– If array size omitted, initializers determine size
int n[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
• 5 initializers, therefore 5 element array

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 9
2 // Initializing an array.
3 #include <iostream>
Outline
4 7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw;
11
12 int main()
13 {
14 int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of 10 integers
15
Declare a 10-element array of
16 // initialize elements of integers.
array n to 0
17 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
18 n[ i ] = 0; // set element atInitialize
location array
i toto 00 using a
19 for loop. Note that the array
20 // output contents of array n in has elements
tabular n[0] to n[9].
format
23 for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
24 cout << j << n[ j ] << endl;
25 return 0; // indicates successful termination
27
28 } // end main

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 10
Outline

Element Value
0 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0

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 11
2 // Initializing an array with a declaration.
3 #include <iostream>
Outline
4
5
11
12 int main()
13 {
14 // use initializer list to initialize array n
15 int n[ 10 ] = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14, 90, 70, 60, 37 };
16
17 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
18
19 // output contents of array n in tabular format
20 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
21 cout << i << n[ i ] << endl;
22
23 return 0; // indicates successful termination
24
25 } // end main

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 12
Element Value
0 32
Outline
1 27
2 64
3 18
4 95
5 14
6 90
7 70
8 60
9 37

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 13

Examples Using Arrays

• Array size
– Can be specified with constant variable (const)
• const int size = 20;
– Constants cannot be changed
– Constants must be initialized when declared
– Also called named constants or read-only variables

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 14
2 // Initialize array s to the even integers from 2 to 20.
3 #include <iostream>
Outline
4
11
12 int main()
13 {
14 // constant variable can be used to specify array size
15 const int arraySize = 10;
16
17 int s[ arraySize ]; // array s has 10 elements
18
19 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) // set the values
20 s[ i ] = 2 * i;
21
22 cout << "Element“ << "Value" << endl;
23
24 // output contents of array s in tabular format
25 for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ )
26 cout << j << s[ j ] << endl;
27
28 return 0; // indicates successful termination
29
30 } // end main

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 15
Outline

Element Value
0 0
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10
6 12
7 14
8 16
9 18

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 16
2 // Compute the sum of the elements of the array.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 int main()
9 {
10 const int arraySize = 10;
11
12 int a[ arraySize ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
13
14 int total = 0;
15
16 // sum contents of array a
17 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
18 total += a[ i ]; // total = total+ a[i]
19
20 cout << "Total of array element values is " << total << endl;
21
22 return 0; // indicates successful termination
23
24 } // end main

Total of array element values is 55

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 17

Array of characters or string

• Strings
– Arrays of characters
– All strings end with null ('\0')
– Examples
• char string1[] = "hello";
– Null character implicitly added
– string1 has 6 elements
• char string1[] = { 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l',
'o', '\0’ };
– Subscripting is the same
String1[ 0 ] is 'h'
string1[ 2 ] is 'l'

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 18

Examples Using Arrays

• Input from keyboard

char string2[ 10 ];
cin >> string2;
– Puts user input in string
• Stops at first whitespace character
• Adds null character
– If too much text entered, data written beyond array
• We want to avoid this (section 5.12 explains how)
• Printing strings
– cout << string2 << endl;
• Does not work for other array types
– Characters printed until null found

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 19
2 // Treating character arrays as strings.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
8
9 int main()
10 {
11 char string1[ 20 ], // reserves 20 characters
12 char string2[] = "string literal"; // reserves 15 characters
13
14 // read string from user into array string2
15 cout << "Enter the string \"hello there\": ";
16 cin >> string1; // reads "hello" [space terminates input]
17
18 // output strings
19 cout << "string1 is: " << string1
20 << "\nstring2 is: " << string2;
21
22 cout << "\nstring1 with spaces between characters is:\n";
23

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 20
24 // output characters until null character is reached
25 for ( int i = 0; string1[ i ] != '\0'; i++ )
Outline
26 cout << string1[ i ] << ' ';
27
28 cin >> string1; // reads "there"
29 cout << "\nstring1 is: " << string1 << endl;
30
31 return 0; // indicates successful termination
32
33 } // end main

Enter the string "hello there": hello there

string1 is: hello
string2 is: string literal
string1 with spaces between characters is:
h e l l o
string1 is: there

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 21

Memory Representation of 1D Array

• If the array is float arr [ 5 ];

memory representation would be as follows:

5000 5004 5008 5012 5016

Arr [ 0 ] Arr [ 1 ] Arr [ 2 ] Arr [ 3 ] Arr [ 4 ]

Total Memory requirement is : size of ( type ) * size of array

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 22

Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

• Multiple subscripts
– a[ i ][ j ]
– Tables with rows and columns
– Specify row, then column
– “Array of arrays”
• a[0] is an array of 4 elements
• a[0][0] is the first element of that array
Column 0 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Row 0 a[ 0 ][ 0 ] a[ 0 ][ 1 ] a[ 0 ][ 2 ] a[ 0 ][ 3 ]

Row 1 a[ 1 ][ 0 ] a[ 1 ][ 1 ] a[ 1 ][ 2 ] a[ 1 ][ 3 ]

Row 2 a[ 2 ][ 0 ] a[ 2 ][ 1 ] a[ 2 ][ 2 ] a[ 2 ][ 3 ]

Column subscript

Array name
Row subscript

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 23

Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

• To initialize
– Default of 0
– Initializers grouped by row in braces
1 2
int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } }; 3 4
Row 0 Row 1

1 0

int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1 }, { 3, 4 } }; 3 4

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 24

Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

• Referenced like normal

cout << b[ 0 ][ 1 ]; 1 0

– Outputs 0 3 4

– Cannot reference using commas

cout << b[ 0, 1 ];
• Syntax error

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 25

Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

• Next: program showing initialization

– After, program to keep track of students grades
– Multiple-subscripted array (table)
– Rows are students
– Columns are grades Quiz1 Quiz2

Student0 95 85
Student1 89 80

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 26

Exercise 1:
(a) Write the command to create a two dimensional array
that stores integer numbers. The name of the array is
grade. The array stores grades of 5 courses of 10
students. (hint: rows represent students, columns
represent grades of courses).
 
Write the command to create an array that can store 5 )b(
integer numbers and initialize the array values with the
.numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, 50. The name of the array is value
( 

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 27

Exercise 2:
Write the command to create an array that can store 5 )b(
integer numbers and initialize the array values with the
.numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, 50. The name of the array is value
Define an array a of type int with size 5 and fill this )c( 
.array with values 1, 4, 7, 10, 13

(d) Write a C++ program which counts number of times a value

occur in an array of 10 integers. The program reads first the 10
integers from keyboard; then it stores in the array. At the end,
the program should ask a number to search and display the
number of occurrence.
 

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 28
2 // Double-subscripted array example.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7 using std::fixed;
8 using std::left;
9
10 #include <iomanip>
11
12 using std::setw;
13 using std::setprecision;
14
15 const int students = 3; // number of students
16 const int exams = 4; // number of exams
17
18 // function prototypes
19 int minimum( int [][ exams ], int, int );
20 int maximum( int [][ exams ], int, int );
21 double average( int [], int );
22 void printArray( int [][ exams ], int, int );
23

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 29
24 int main()
25 {
Outline
26 // initialize student grades for three students (rows)
27 int studentGrades[ students ][ exams ] =
28 { { 77, 68, 86, 73 },
29 { 96, 87, 89, 78 },
30 { 70, 90, 86, 81 } };
31
32 // output array studentGrades
33 cout << "The array is:\n";
34 printArray( studentGrades, students, exams );
35
36 // determine smallest and largest grade values
37 cout << "\n\nLowest grade: "
38 << minimum( studentGrades, students, exams )
39 << "\nHighest grade: "
40 << maximum( studentGrades, students, exams ) << '\n';
41
42 cout << fixed << setprecision( 2 );
43

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 30
44 // calculate average grade for each student
45 for ( int person = 0; person < students; person++ )
Outline
46 cout << "The average grade for student " << person
47 << " is "
48 << average( studentGrades[ person ], exams )
49 << endl;
50 Determines the average for
51 return 0; // indicates successful termination
one student. We pass the
52
array/row containing the
53 } // end main
student’s grades. Note that
54
55 // find minimum grade
studentGrades[0] is
56 int minimum( int grades[][ exams ], int itself
pupils, intantests
array. )
57 {
58 int lowGrade = 100; // initialize to highest possible grade
59
60 for ( int i = 0; i < pupils; i++ )
61
62 for ( int j = 0; j < tests; j++ )
63
64 if ( grades[ i ][ j ] < lowGrade )
65 lowGrade = grades[ i ][ j ];
66
67 return lowGrade;
68
69 } // end function minimum

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 31
70
71 // find maximum grade
Outline
72 int maximum( int grades[][ exams ], int pupils, int tests )
73 {
74 int highGrade = 0; // initialize to lowest possible grade
75
76 for ( int i = 0; i < pupils; i++ )
77
78 for ( int j = 0; j < tests; j++ )
79
80 if ( grades[ i ][ j ] > highGrade )
81 highGrade = grades[ i ][ j ];
82
83 return highGrade;
84
85 } // end function maximum
86

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 32
87 // determine average grade for particular student
88 double average( int setOfGrades[], int tests )
Outline
89 {
90 int total = 0;
91
92 // total all grades for one student
93 for ( int i = 0; i < tests; i++ )
94 total += setOfGrades[ i ];
95
96 return static_cast< double >( total ) / tests; // average
97
98 } // end function maximum

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 33
99
100 // Print the array
Outline
101 void printArray( int grades[][ exams ], int pupils, int tests )
102 {
103 // set left justification and output column heads
104 cout << left << " [0] [1] [2] [3]";
105
106 // output grades in tabular format
107 for ( int i = 0; i < pupils; i++ ) {
108
109 // output label for row
110 cout << "\nstudentGrades[" << i << "] ";
111
112 // output one grades for one student
113 for ( int j = 0; j < tests; j++ )
114 cout << setw( 5 ) << grades[ i ][ j ];
115
116 } // end outer for
117
118 } // end function printArray

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 34
The array is:
[0] [1] [2] [3]
Outline
studentGrades[0] 77 68 86 73
studentGrades[1] 96 87 89 78
studentGrades[2] 70 90 86 81
 
Lowest grade: 68
Highest grade: 96
The average grade for student 0 is 76.00
The average grade for student 1 is 87.50
The average grade for student 2 is 81.75

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