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    Introduction To Real-Time Systems

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    Huma Qayyum MohyudDin
    This document provides an introduction to real-time systems. It defines real-time systems as those where the correctness depends on the time results are produced, not just the logical results. It gives examples of hard, firm, and soft real-time systems. The document discusses characteristics of real-time tasks including periods, deadlines, and execution times. It also covers task constraints, workload predictability, and common computing architectures for real-time systems including uniprocessor, multiprocessor, and distributed systems. Finally, it debunks some common misconceptions about real-time systems.

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    Introduction To Real-Time Systems

    Uploaded by

    Huma Qayyum MohyudDin
    22 views13 pages
    This document provides an introduction to real-time systems. It defines real-time systems as those where the correctness depends on the time results are produced, not just the logical results. It gives examples of hard, firm, and soft real-time systems. The document discusses characteristics of real-time tasks including periods, deadlines, and execution times. It also covers task constraints, workload predictability, and common computing architectures for real-time systems including uniprocessor, multiprocessor, and distributed systems. Finally, it debunks some common misconceptions about real-time systems.

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    This document provides an introduction to real-time systems. It defines real-time systems as those where the correctness depends on the time results are produced, not just the logical results. It gives examples of hard, firm, and soft real-time systems. The document discusses characteristics of real-time tasks including periods, deadlines, and execution times. It also covers task constraints, workload predictability, and common computing architectures for real-time systems including uniprocessor, multiprocessor, and distributed systems. Finally, it debunks some common misconceptions about real-time systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    22 views13 pages

    Introduction To Real-Time Systems

    Uploaded by

    Huma Qayyum MohyudDin
    This document provides an introduction to real-time systems. It defines real-time systems as those where the correctness depends on the time results are produced, not just the logical results. It gives examples of hard, firm, and soft real-time systems. The document discusses characteristics of real-time tasks including periods, deadlines, and execution times. It also covers task constraints, workload predictability, and common computing architectures for real-time systems including uniprocessor, multiprocessor, and distributed systems. Finally, it debunks some common misconceptions about real-time systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    CprE 458/558: Real-Time Systems

    Introduction to Real-Time Systems

    CprE 458/558: Real-Time Systems (G. Manimaran) 1


    A typical real-time system

    CprE 458/558: Real-Time Systems (G. Manimaran) 2


    Sample Applications
    Agile Manufacturing

    Traffic control system

    3
    Industrial Internet & Internet of Things
     

    CprE 458/558: Real-Time Systems (G. Manimaran) 4


    Real-time Systems -- Introduction
    Real-time systems are defined as those
    systems in which the correctness of the
    system depends not only on the logical result
    of computation, but also on the time at which
    the results are produced.

    • Hard real-time systems (e.g., Avionics,


    Command & Control Systems).

    • Firm real-time systems (e.g., Banking, Online


    transaction processing).

    • Soft real-time systems (e.g., Video streaming).


    CprE 458/558: Real-Time Systems (G. Manimaran) 5
    Real-Time Systems -- Introduction
    •Hard deadline: penalty due to missing deadline is a higher
    order of magnitude than the reward in meeting the
    deadline
    •Firm deadline: penalty and reward are in the same order
    of magnitude
    •Soft deadline: penalty often lesser magnitude than
    reward

    CprE 458/558: Real-Time Systems (G. Manimaran) 6


    Example – Car driver
    • Mission: Reaching the destination safely.

    • Controlled System: Car.

    • Operating environment: Road conditions.

    • Controlling System
    - Human driver: Sensors - Eyes and Ears of the driver.
    - Computer: Sensors - Cameras, Infrared receiver,
    Laser telemeter, Navigation system, Street maps.

    • Controls: Accelerator, Steering wheel, Break-pedal.

    • Actuators: Wheels, Engines, and Brakes.


    CprE 458/558: Real-Time Systems (G. Manimaran) 7
    Example – Car driver (contd)

    • Critical tasks: Steering and breaking.

    • Non-critical tasks: Turning on radio.

    • Performance is not an absolute one. It measures the


    goodness of the outcome relative to the best outcome
    possible under a given circumstance.

    • Cost of fulfilling the mission → Efficient solution.

    • Reliability of the driver → Fault-tolerance is a must.

    CprE 458/558: Real-Time Systems (G. Manimaran) 8


    Real-Time Tasks (Workload)
    • Periodic tasks
    - Time-driven. Characteristics are known a priori
    - Task Ti is characterized by (ci, pi)
    E.g.: Task monitoring temperature of a patient in an ICU.

    • Aperiodic tasks
    - Event-driven. Characteristics are not known a priori
    - Task Ti is characterized by (ai, ri, ci, di)
    E.g.: Task activated upon detecting change in patient’s
    condition.

    • Sporadic Tasks
    – Known minimum inter-arrival time among successive
    instances of a (periodic) task, rather strictly being periodic.

    pi : task period    ai : arrival time    ri : ready time


    di : deadline     ci : worst case execution time.

    CprE 458/558: Real-Time Systems (G. Manimaran) 9


    Task constraints
    • Deadline constraint

    • Resource constraints
    – Shared access (read-read)
    – Exclusive access (write-x)

    • Precedence constraints
    – T1  T2: Task T2 can start executing only after T1
    finishes its execution

    • Fault-tolerant Requirements
    – To achieve higher reliability for task execution
    – Redundancy in execution

    CprE 458/558: Real-Time Systems (G. Manimaran) 10


    Notion of Predictability
    • The most common denominator that is expected from a real-time
    system is predictability.

    – The behavior of the real-time system must be


    predictable which means that with certain
    assumptions about workload and failures, it
    should be possible to show at “design time”
    that all the timing constraints of the
    application will be met.

    • For static systems, 100% guarantees can be given at design time.


    •
    • For dynamic systems, 100% guarantee cannot be given since the
    characteristics of tasks are not known a priori.

    • In dynamic systems, predictability means that once a task is


    admitted into the system, its guarantee should never be violated as
    long as the assumptions under which the task was admitted hold.

    CprE 458/558: Real-Time Systems (G. Manimaran) 11


    Computing systems

    Uniprocessor, multiprocessor (multicore systems),


    distributed system, networked control systems

    CprE 458/558: Real-Time Systems (G. Manimaran) 12


    Common Misconceptions
    • Real-time computing is equivalent to fast
    computing.

    • Real-time programming is assembly coding,


    priority interrupt programming, and writing
    device drivers.

    • Real-time systems operate in a static


    environment.

    • The problems in real-time system design have


    all been solved in other areas of computer
    science.
    CprE 458/558: Real-Time Systems (G. Manimaran) 13

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