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    Neuro-Embryology: Noel T. Boaz, PH.D., M.D

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    soojean
    1. The document discusses neuroembryology and the development of the nervous system from the neural plate through formation of the brain vesicles and differentiation of the various brain regions. 2. Key stages discussed include induction of the neural plate, neurulation, formation of the neural tube and spinal cord, cranial neural tube defects, and migration of neural crest cells. 3. Later stages covered are differentiation of the primary brain vesicles into the secondary vesicles and development of the specific regions of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

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    Neuro-Embryology: Noel T. Boaz, PH.D., M.D

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    soojean
    68 views34 pages
    1. The document discusses neuroembryology and the development of the nervous system from the neural plate through formation of the brain vesicles and differentiation of the various brain regions. 2. Key stages discussed include induction of the neural plate, neurulation, formation of the neural tube and spinal cord, cranial neural tube defects, and migration of neural crest cells. 3. Later stages covered are differentiation of the primary brain vesicles into the secondary vesicles and development of the specific regions of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

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    Neuro-Embryology

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    1. The document discusses neuroembryology and the development of the nervous system from the neural plate through formation of the brain vesicles and differentiation of the various brain regions. 2. Key stages discussed include induction of the neural plate, neurulation, formation of the neural tube and spinal cord, cranial neural tube defects, and migration of neural crest cells. 3. Later stages covered are differentiation of the primary brain vesicles into the secondary vesicles and development of the specific regions of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    68 views34 pages

    Neuro-Embryology: Noel T. Boaz, PH.D., M.D

    Uploaded by

    soojean
    1. The document discusses neuroembryology and the development of the nervous system from the neural plate through formation of the brain vesicles and differentiation of the various brain regions. 2. Key stages discussed include induction of the neural plate, neurulation, formation of the neural tube and spinal cord, cranial neural tube defects, and migration of neural crest cells. 3. Later stages covered are differentiation of the primary brain vesicles into the secondary vesicles and development of the specific regions of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

    Copyright:

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 34

    Neuro-Embryology

    Noel T. Boaz, Ph.D., M.D.


    Anatomical Terminology in
    Neuroanatomy
    Neuroectoderm forms the Neural
    Plate at 18 days of development
    The notochord and paraxial mesoderm
    induce the formation of the Neural Plate
    from overlying ectoderm

    Cut edge of amnion

    Neural Plate

    Primitive Node

    Primitive Streak

    Induction of the Neural Plate starts the process of


    Neurulation.
    Formation of the Neural Plate

    Fate map of the Epiblast Extent and shape of


    the neural plate
    Formation of the Neural Groove
    and Neural Tube
    Genes that Direct Neurulation
    Embryology of the Spinal Cord
    Hox Genes are Important in the
    Developing Nervous System

    Hox genes of the


    Antennapedia class are
    expressed 3’ to 5’ along
    an antero-posterior axis
    of the embryo. The
    anteriormost segment
    controlled Antennapedia
    genes is Rhombomere
    3.
    Neural Tube Defects – Spina Bifida

    Normal closure of the


    caudal neuropore
    occurs at Day 27; if
    the caudal neuropore
    persists, various
    types of spinal cord
    NTD’s, generally
    termed “spina bifida”
    (“two spines”) result.
    Antenatal folic acid
    (400 µg daily during
    pregnancy) is
    preventive in 70% of
    cases).
    Spina bifida

    Rachischisis

    Meningomyelocele
    Exencephaly, resulting in Meroanencephaly –
    Partial absence of the brain (“Anencephaly”)

    Normal closure of the cranial neuropore


    occurs at Day 25; if the cranial
    neuropore persists, exencephaly
    results. Fetus unable to swallow
    amniotic fluid so late pregnancy typified
    by (poly)hydramnios; 1/1500 births;
    female 4X more common than males.
    Meningocele and
    Encephalocele
    Defect in ossification of skull bones
    leads to a herniation of meninges,
    brain, and occasionally ventricle
    into a skin-covered sac, named on
    the basis of its contents
    Migration of the Neural Crest Cells

    Some
    embryologists
    believe that
    the neural
    crest should
    be considered
    a fourth germ
    layer (along
    with endo-,
    meso-, and
    ectoderm)
    Derivatives
    of the
    Neural Crest
    Cells
    Formation of Spinal Nerves
    Development
    of a
    Segmented
    Spinal Cord
    Myelenation
    Differentation of the Cranial End of
    the Neural Tube into the Brain

    Different Hox genes


    (LIM1 and OTX2)
    designate the
    forebrain and
    midbrain areas, and
    after the neural folds
    and pharyngeal
    arches appear,
    OTX1, EMX1, and
    EMX2 take over the
    patterning of the
    “new head”, cranial
    to Rhombomere 3.
    The Three Primary Brain Vesicles

    The rostral end of


    the neural tube
    develops three
    enlargements – the
    three primary brain
    vesicles – which are
    the primordia of the
    forebrain, the
    midbrain, and the
    hindbrain
    Anterior Neural Ridge and Isthmus –
    Organizing Centers for Embryological Brain
    Development

    ANR is at the leading end of the


    neural plate and releases FGF-8,
    which induces BF1, which
    regulates differentiation of the
    telencephalon (along with
    regional specialization, e.g.
    retina, basal nuclei)
    Isthmus is between the
    midbrain and hindbrain and also
    releases FGF-8, which induces
    EN1 and EN2. EN1 regulates
    dorsal midbrain (tectum), both
    regulate anterior hindbrain
    (cerebellum)
    Primary Brain Vesicles to
    Secondary Brain Vesicles
    Basic Structural Plan of the Brain
    Differentiation of the
    Prosencephalon - Telencephalon
    Holoprosencephaly – A Failure of
    Telencephalon Division
     Earlier termed
    “cyclopean monster”;
    incidence is 1/15000
    live births but 1/250
    spontaneous abortions
     SHH involved in some
    cases; also Smith-
    Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
    (defective cholesterol
    synthesis), and
    maternal alcohol
    abuse in first month
    of pregnancy, which
    affects midline neural
    plate cells
    Differentiation of
    the Prosencephalon
    - Diencephalon
    Forebrain Derivatives
    Development of the Midbrain
    Hydrocephalus
    Mesoencephalon and
    Rhombencephalon Derivatives
    Development of the Caudal
    Hindbrain
    Development of the Rostral
    Hindbrain

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