Artificial Intelligence & Expert

Systems
Eng P Kadebu
ZNDU 2019
 Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the
design of intelligence in an artificial device.
The term was coined by McCarthy in 1956.
• There are two ideas in the definition.
1. Intelligence
2. artificial device
 Artificial Intelligence
• “AI is the study of complex information
processing problems that often have their roots in
some aspect of biological information processing.
The goal of the subject is to identify solvable and
interesting information processing problems, and
solve them.” -- David Marr

• The intelligent connection of perception to action

 Views of AI
• Philosophy, ethics, religion
– What is intelligence?
• Cognitive science, neuroscience, psychology, linguistics
– Understand natural forms of intelligence
– Learn principles of intelligent behaviour
• Mathematics
– Are there fundamental laws of intelligence?
• Engineering
– Can we build intelligent devices and systems?
– Autonomous and semi-autonomous systems for replicating human
capabilities, enhancing human capabilities, improving task
performance, etc.
 Challenge of AI
“Just because we can think, doesn’t mean we know how to
think.” -- Marvin Minsky
• AI problems often use large, complex types of data
– speech, images, natural languages, genomic sequence data, …
• Very hard to create general, computational “competence
theories” for specific interesting classes of tasks that say
what is computed and why
• Instead, use domain-specific knowledge and constraints,
while being time and space constrained, stable, and
robust
 What is intelligence?

• Is it that which characterize humans?

• Or is there an absolute standard of judgement?
• Accordingly there are two possibilities:
– A system with intelligence is expected to behave as intelligently as a
human
– A system with intelligence is expected to behave in the best possible
manner
• Secondly what type of behaviour are we talking about?
– Are we looking at the thought process or reasoning ability of the
system?
– Or are we only interested in the final manifestations of the system in
terms of its actions?
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?

THOUGHT Systems that thinkSystems that think

like humans rationally

Systems that act Systems that act

BEHAVIOUR like humans rationally

HUMAN RATIONAL
 Systems that act like humans:
Turing Test

“The art of creating machines that perform functions

that require intelligence when performed by people.”
(Kurzweil)

“The study of how to make computers do things at

which, at the moment, people are better.”
(Rich and Knight)
 Systems that act like humans
• You enter a room which has a
computer terminal. You have a fixed
period of time to type what you
want into the terminal, and study
the replies. At the other end of the
line is either a human being or a
computer system.
• If it is a computer system, and at the
end of the period you cannot
reliably determine whether it is a
system or a human, then the system
is deemed to be intelligent.
 Systems that act like humans
• The Turing Test approach
– a human questioner cannot tell if
• there is a computer or a human
answering his question, via teletype
(remote communication)
– The computer must behave intelligently
• Intelligent behavior
– to achieve human-level performance in all
cognitive tasks
 Systems that act like humans
These cognitive tasks include:
– Natural language processing
• for communication with human
– Knowledge representation
• to store information effectively & efficiently
– Automated reasoning
• to retrieve & answer questions using the stored
information
– Machine learning
• to adapt to new circumstances
 The total Turing Test
• Includes two more issues:
– Computer vision
• to perceive objects (seeing)
– Robotics
• to move objects (acting)
 Systems that think like humans:
cognitive modeling
• Humans as observed from ‘inside’
• How do we know how humans think?
– Introspection vs. psychological experiments
• Cognitive Science
“The exciting new effort to make computers think …
machines with minds in the full and literal sense”
(Haugeland)
“[The automation of] activities that we associate
with human thinking, activities such as decision-
making, problem solving, learning …” (Bellman)
 Systems that think ‘rationally’
"laws of thought"
• Humans are not always ‘rational’
• Rational - defined in terms of logic?
• Logic can’t express everything (e.g. uncertainty)
• Logical approach is often not feasible in terms of
computation time (needs ‘guidance’)
• “The study of mental facilities through the use of
computational models” (Charniak and
McDermott)
• “The study of the computations that make it
possible to perceive, reason, and act” (Winston)
 Systems that act rationally:
“Rational agent”

• Rational behavior: doing the right thing

• The right thing: that which is expected to
maximize goal achievement, given the
available information
• Giving answers to questions is ‘acting’.
• I don't care whether a system:
– replicates human thought processes
– makes the same decisions as humans
– uses purely logical reasoning
 Systems that act rationally
• Logic  only part of a rational agent, not all of
rationality
– Sometimes logic cannot reason a correct
conclusion
– At that time, some specific (in domain) human
knowledge or information is used
• Thus, it covers more generally different situations of
problems
– Compensate the incorrectly reasoned conclusion
 Systems that act rationally
• Study AI as rational agent –
2 advantages:
– It is more general than using logic only
• Because: LOGIC + Domain knowledge
– It allows extension of the approach with more
scientific methodologies
 Intelligent behaviour
Some of the tasks and applications which constitute
intelligent behaviour. :
ƒ
 Perception involving image recognition and
computer vision ƒ
 Reasoning ƒ
 Learning ƒ
 Understanding language involving natural language
processing, speech processing ƒ
 Solving problems ƒ
 Robotics
 Typical AI problems
Typical range of tasks that we might expect an
“intelligent entity” to perform.
Examples of common-place tasks include

– Recognizing people, objects.

– Communicating (through natural language).
– Navigating around obstacles on the streets

These tasks are done matter of factly and

routinely by people and some other animals.
They can be considered easy to do.
 Expert tasks

Expert tasks include:

• Medical diagnosis.
• Mathematical problem solving
• Playing games like chess

These tasks cannot be done by all people,

and can only be performed by skilled
specialists. They are considered hard and
require skills development and intelligence.
 Approaches to AI
Strong AI aims to build machines that can truly reason and solve
problems. These machines should be self aware and their overall
intellectual ability needs to be indistinguishable from that of a human
being.

Weak AI: deals with the creation of some form of computer-based

artificial intelligence that cannot truly reason and solve problems, but
can act as if it were intelligent. Simulation of human cognition.

Applied AI: aims to produce commercially viable "smart", for

example, a security system that is able to recognise the faces of
people who are permitted to enter a particular building.

Cognitive AI: computers are used to test theories about how the
human mind works--for example, theories about how we recognise
faces and other objects, solving abstract problems.
Some Advantages of Artificial
Intelligence

– more powerful and more useful computers

– new and improved interfaces
– solving new problems
– better handling of information
– relieves information overload
– conversion of information into knowledge
 The Disadvantages

– increased costs
– difficulty with software development - slow and
expensive
– few experienced programmers
– few practical products have reached the market
as yet.
What can AI systems NOT do yet?
• Understand natural language robustly (e.g.,
read and understand articles in a newspaper)
• Surf the web
• Interpret an arbitrary visual scene
• Learn a natural language
• Construct plans in dynamic real-time domains
• Exhibit true autonomy and intelligence
 Applications of AI
• Google language translation services
• Google automatic news aggregation and summarization
• Nuance voice recognition
• Face detection and face recognition systems
• Apple Siri question-answering system
• IBM Watson question-answering system
• IBM Deep Blue chess playing program
• Microsoft Photosynth
• Google Goggles
• Google driverless car
 AI Applications: Consumer Marketing
• Have you ever used any kind of credit/ATM/store card while shopping?
– if so, you have very likely been “input” to an AI algorithm
• All of this information is recorded digitally
• Companies like Nielsen gather this information weekly and search for patterns
– general changes in consumer behavior
– tracking responses to new products
– identifying customer segments: targeted marketing, e.g., they find out that consumers
with sports cars who buy textbooks respond well to offers of new credit cards.
– Currently a very hot area in marketing

• How do they do this?

– Algorithms (“data mining”) search data for patterns
– based on mathematical theories of learning
– completely impractical to do manually
 AI Applications: Identification Technologies
• ID cards
– e.g., ATM cards
– can be a nuisance and security risk:
• cards can be lost, stolen, passwords forgotten, etc
• Biometric Identification
– walk up to a locked door
• camera
• fingerprint device
• microphone
– computer uses your biometric signature for
identification
• face, eyes, fingerprints, voice pattern
 AI Applications: Predicting the Stock Market
Value of
the Stock ?

time in days
• The Prediction Problem
– given the past, predict the future
– very difficult problem!
– we can use learning algorithms to learn a predictive model from historical data
• prob(increase at day t+1 | values at day t, t-1,t-2....,t-k)

– such models are routinely used by banks and financial traders to manage
portfolios worth millions of dollars
ALVINN: Autonomous Land Vehicle In a Neural Network

• In 1989, Dean Pomerleau at CMU created ALVINN. This is

a system which learns to control vehicles by watching a
person drive.
• It contains a neural network whose input is a 30x32 unit
two dimensional camera image. The output layer is a
representation of the direction the vehicle should travel.
• The system drove a car from the East Coast of USA to the
west coast, a total of about 2850 miles. Out of this about
50 miles were driven by a human, and the rest solely by
the system.
 Autonomous agents
• In space exploration, robotic space probes autonomously
monitor their surroundings, make decisions and act to
achieve their goals.
• NASA's Mars rovers successfully completed their primary
three-month missions in April, 2004.
• The Spirit rover had been exploring a range of Martian hills
that took two months to reach.
• It is finding curiously eroded rocks that may be new pieces to
the puzzle of the region's past.
• Spirit's twin, Opportunity, had been examining exposed rock
layers inside a crater.
Thank You!!