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Look-Up Table: Solving Differential Equations

1) The Laplace transform allows solving differential equations by transforming them into algebraic equations in the complex s-domain, making them easier to solve. 2) Fourier series express a function as the sum of sinusoids, with coefficients determined by the function's values. They have applications in representing periodic functions and solving partial differential equations. 3) The Fourier series of an even function contains only cosine terms, while an odd function's series contains only sine terms. The coefficients can be determined from the function's values using integrals over its period.

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51 views10 pages

Look-Up Table: Solving Differential Equations

1) The Laplace transform allows solving differential equations by transforming them into algebraic equations in the complex s-domain, making them easier to solve. 2) Fourier series express a function as the sum of sinusoids, with coefficients determined by the function's values. They have applications in representing periodic functions and solving partial differential equations. 3) The Fourier series of an even function contains only cosine terms, while an odd function's series contains only sine terms. The coefficients can be determined from the function's values using integrals over its period.

Uploaded by

Dr. S. Das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Laplace domain

Laplace transform

Time domain
Look-up table

t-shifting s-shifting

u(t ) 1/ s
 (t ) 1
Applications

f (t ) * g (t ) F ( s )G ( s )

Solving differential Equations


Review: Periodic Functions

f (t )

0 p 2p 3p … t

f ( x  np )  f ( x ) haf bg
   h( x  np )  h( x )
g ( x  np )  g ( x ) 
Review: Series
• Sequence 1 1 1
1, , , ,
2 3 n
N 1
• Partial summation of a sequence SN  
n 1 n
• Convergence / divergence

1 1 1 1
lim (1       )?
n  1! 2! 3! (n  1)!
lim (sin   sin 2    sin( n  1) )  ?
n 
Trigonometric Series

a0   (a n cos nx  bn sin nx )
n 1

1, cos x , sin x , cos 2 x , sin 2 x ,, cos nx , sin nx


• Form a basis – linearly independent

• Orthogonal  cos mx cos nxdx  0 (m  n)


 sin mx sin nxdx  0 (m  n)


 cos mx sin nxdx  0

Fourier Series: p=2π

f ( x )  a0   (an cos nx  bn sin nx )
n 1
1 
a0   f ( x )dx
2 
1 
an   f ( x ) cos nxdx n  1,2,
 
1 
bn   f ( x ) sin nxdx n  1,2,
 
• Fourier Series may not converge to f(x)

f ( x ) ~ a0   (an cos nx  bn sin nx )
n1
Fourier Series: p=2L

 n n
f ( x )  a0   (an cos x  bn sin x)
n1 L L
1 L
a0   f ( x )dx
2 L L
1 L n
an   f ( x ) cos xdx n  1,2,
L L L
1 L n
bn   f ( x ) sin xdx n  1,2,
L L L
Even & Odd Functions
• Even function: g ( x )  g ( x )

• Odd function: h( x )   h( x )

Key facts
L L
• Even
 g ( x )dx  2  g ( x )dx
L 0

• Odd  h( x )dx  0
L

• Product of even and odd is odd


Theorem 1
• Fourier cosine series • Fourier sine series
– f(x) is an even function – f(x) is an odd function
– p=2L – p=2L

 n  n
f ( x )  a0   an cos x f ( x )   bn sin x
n1 L n1 L
1L
a0   f ( x )dx
L0 2L n
bn   f ( x ) sin xdx
2L n L0 L
an   f ( x ) cos xdx
L0 L n  1,2,
n  1,2,
Theorem 2

• Fourier coefficients of f1+f2 are the sums of the


corresponding Fourier coefficients of f1 and f2

• Fourier coefficients if cf are c times the


corresponding Fourier coefficients of f
Half-range Expansions
For f ( x ), 0  x  L,
f (t )

0 L

f even (t )

f odd (t )

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