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Control Chapter 1

The document is an introduction to automatic process control that discusses the basics of maintaining process variables like temperature and pressure at desired levels using control systems. It introduces important terms like controlled variable, manipulated variable, and set point and explains the components of control systems like sensors, controllers, and final control elements. Diagrams called P&IDs (piping and instrumentation diagrams) that depict process equipment and instrumentation using standard symbols are also introduced.

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Wilmar Antonio Zuluaga Arango
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101 views

Control Chapter 1

The document is an introduction to automatic process control that discusses the basics of maintaining process variables like temperature and pressure at desired levels using control systems. It introduces important terms like controlled variable, manipulated variable, and set point and explains the components of control systems like sensors, controllers, and final control elements. Diagrams called P&IDs (piping and instrumentation diagrams) that depict process equipment and instrumentation using standard symbols are also introduced.

Uploaded by

Wilmar Antonio Zuluaga Arango
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC
PROCESS CONTROL

IVAN PORTNOY, Ph.D.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT


INTRODUCTION
 All processes are dynamic. Steady-state operation is not the rule, but the
exception!.

 Process control takes care of maintaining process variables at desired values,


variables such as temperature, pressure, flow, level, etc.

 Whenever a deviation of the variables from their desired values occurs,


corrective actions must be taken in order to recover the operating condition.
If not, security, quality, and production rate conditions might not be
accomplished.
M-D-A
SP
TC
Controller 22

Steam

Final control
element
Transmit er

Process TT
22

fluid
Ti(t) T (t) Sensor

Condensate
return
IMPORTANT TERMS

• Controlled Variable

• Manipulated Variable

• Set Point

• Disturbance

• Regulatory Control

• Servo Control
MANUAL CONTROL VS AUTOMATIC CONTROL

The measurement-decision-action procedure can be easily carried out by an operator.


Nevertheless, this manual control has many drawbacks:
• This task demands the operator to be constantly looking at the controlled variable
to take the required corrective actions.
• Different operators will make different decisions on how to move the steam valve,
causing a non-consistent operation.
• Since in most plants there are hundreds of variables to be controlled, a large
number of operators would be required.
Therefore, systems which can perform process control without the operators’
intervention are convenient. This is called automatic process control.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

• Sensor/Transmitter: Associated with the Measurement (M)

• Final Control Element: Associated with the Action (A)

• Controller: Associated with the Decision (D)


REGULATORY AND SERVO CONTROL

Regulatory Control: Designed for processes where the


controlled variable is deviated from setpoint mainly due to
disturbances.

Servo Control: Designed for processes where setpoint can


change as a function of time and the controlled variable must
follow it.
P&ID
(Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)

Sets of symbols are used to depict mechanical equipment, piping


components, valves, instrumentation and control components (Based
on ISA-5.1-1984-(R1992)).

See Appendix A of the book!.


P&ID
(Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)

Process Piping and Sub-piping


P&ID
(Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
Signals
P&ID
(Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
Naming Rules
P&ID
(Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
Naming Rules: Examples
P&ID
(Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
Symbols
P&ID
(Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
Final Control Elements
P&ID
(Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
Final Control Elements
P&ID
(Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
Control Loop
P&ID
(Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
P&ID
Example
P&ID
Example

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