Diploma in Pharmacy MDPH4604 Occupational Health and Safety (OSHA) Semester 4 Batch 52 (2-19) & 53 (2-19)

DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY
MDPH4604 Occupational Health and Safety

(OSHA)
Semester 4
Batch 52(2-19) & 53(2-19)
Dr Senthil Adimoolam, PhD
Faculty of Pharmacy,
MAHSA University
[email protected]
Mobile Number- 0166928506
1
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Welcome to MDPH4604 OSHA
Occupational Health and Safety (OSHA)
• 2 credit
• 28 hours Lectures and Tutorials
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Learning outcome
At the end of the course, the students will be able to:
• Explain the basic concept of occupational health and safety.
• Explain the potential health hazards and the importance of
law and regulations in the work places
• Demonstrate first aid treatment in the work place.
• Plan steps to avoid exposure to hazards in the work place.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Assessment
Students will be assessed as follows:
• Continuous Assessment (1) 20%
(1 assignments)
• Mid Semester Examination 20%
• Presentation 10%
• Final Examination 50%
Total 100%
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Continuous assessment
Assignment 1 (20%)
Topics : The Iceberg Theory (10%)
Topics : Types of occupational health hazards (10%)
Date: 30 September 2020 (week 5)
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Mid semester Examination
20%
Presentation
10%
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Final Examination
• Section A-25 MCQ (25 marks)
• Section B- 5 (FIVE) Short Answer Questions (25 Marks)
• Section C- 3 (THREE)Essay questions ( 50 Marks)
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY
MDPH4604 Occupational Health And Safety (OSHA)
TOPIC 1:
OVERVIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH(OSH)
SERVICES
MAHSA University
[email protected]
8
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Why is OSHA Important to You?
• 4,405 workers were killed on the
job in 2013 (3.2 per 100,000 full-
time equivalent workers) OSHA Makes a
Difference
• An average of nearly 12 workers • Worker deaths in
America are down–on
die every day average, from about
• 797 Hispanic or Latino workers 38 worker deaths a
day in 1970 to 12 a
were killed from work-related day in 2013.
• Worker injuries and
injuries in 2013 illnesses are down–
from 10.9 incidents
• Nearly 3.0 million serious per 100 workers in
1972 to 3.0 per 100 in
workplace injuries and illnesses 2012.
were reported by private industry 9
employers in 2012
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
9
Estimated Annual Incidence of Occ
Injury & Disease Worldwide
# New Cases/year
Injuries 100,688,000
Diseases
Pesticide poisoning 109,000
Other poisoning 122,000
Cancer 191,000
Mental disorders 318,000
Pneumoconioses 453,000
Noise-induced hearing loss 1,628,000
Skin disorders 1,895,000
Chronic respiratory disease 2,631,000
Musculoskeletal disorders 3,337,000 10
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
OSHA’s Mission
• The mission of OSHA is to assure safe and healthful working conditions
for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by
providing training, outreach, education and assistance.
• Some of the things OSHA does to carry out its mission are:
• Developing job safety and health standards and
enforcing them through worksite inspections
• Providing training programs to increase knowledge
about occupational safety and health
11
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
11
Topic 1: Overview of Occupational
Safety and Health (OSH) Services
I. Defining work
II. Defining the value of work
III. Difference between health and safety
IV. Historical perspective-local and global
V. Current trends
VI. Need for OSH Management in Malaysia
12
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
I. Defining Work
“Work involves a bond between

employee and employer where there
exists a contractual relationship
(written or otherwise) in which the
worker agrees to perform a task upon
payment”
13
(Kahn 1981)
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
II. Defining the Value of Work
“The value of work not only depends
upon extrinsic incentives but more
commonly or importantly on intrinsic
incentives like self-satisfaction,
achievement, pleasures, pride,
sense of direction and
personal advancement”
(Bezold et.al)
14
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
III. Health And Safety
What is their relationship?
15
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Health And Safety
Health
Viewed as the prevention of
disease
Related to long duration / time
Reduction of risk from the
causative agents of disease
Hazard in chronic form 16
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Health And Safety
Safety
 Viewed as the prevention of
accident
 Results in physical injury
 Hazard in acute form and
④ Usually associated with
question of design e.g. unsafe
machine, wet floor, electrical
17
malfunctioning
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
IV. Historical Perspective
• Started in European countries of Germany,
Italy, United Kingdom
• Bernardino Ramazinni (1633 – 1714) known
as the father of Occupational Medicine
The origins of safety legislation
dates back to the Industrial
Revolution
The Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth
century in Europe and the deplorable working
conditions of the disadvantaged then 18
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Historical Perspective
• The development in Malaysia follows
closely that of UK and Europe
• The role played by the International
Labour Organisation (ILO)
19
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Historical Perspective….
The Robens Committee Report and
Recommendations
The Roben’s Report - Findings of Roben’s Commission:
• high number of accidents largely due to apathy;
• too much law;
• legislation obscure and dated;
• enforcement ineffective;
• health and safety law ignored by management,
employees, and unions.
The Roben’s Report recommended:

• unified framework of legislation
• self-regulating system 20
• new health and safety legislation
• new enforcement TOWARDS
agency EXCELLENCE
1) There should be a single,

comprehensive Act containing a clear
statement of the basic principles of
safety responsibility based on
common law
2) The Act shall be supported by
regulations and voluntary codes
with the emphasis on the latter
21
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
• National
• Before Independence
• British Rule - Welfare of the
colonial masters take precedence
22
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
National - After Independence
1958 - Industrial Health Unit – ILO
1967 - The Factories and Machineries Act passed
1970 - 8 regulations under the Act in operation
1970 - Inter-ministerial Committee onIndustrial Health
established
1971 - Industrial Health Unit (KKM) moved to Fact.&
Machinery Dept.
1985- Advisory Council for Occupational Safety &
Health formed
1994- The Occupational Safety & Health Act passed.23
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
V. The Need for OSH
Management
In Malaysia, many lives are lost
annually due to workplace accidents
and work related cancers.
Some 95000 injuries and diseases
are reported in the year 2000
24
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Permanent Disablement Cases - 2006
Male Female Total
7687 1414 9101
25
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Deaths - 2006
Male Female Total
835 91 926
26
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
ACCIDENTS REPORTED
115 107
110
105 95
100 92
95 87
90 85
Number (Thousands)
85
80
75 73
70 69
65
60 Accidents
55 53.8 51.5
50 reported
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Year
27
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
100
91.737
90
Number (Thousands)
80 73.086 73.765 75.386

68.579
70
60 56.249
50 50.803
Industrial
43.885
40 40.617 accidents
30
20
10
0
Year
28
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Why The Need for OSH
Management?
• Moral Justification
• Humanitarian
• Responsibility of Employer
• Responsibility of Employee
• Effects of lack of control
29
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
The Need for OSH Management
• Economic Justification
 Insured Costs – Insurance
premium and employer’s liability
 Uninsured Costs – loss of working
time, productivity, replacement
“The Iceberg Theory”
30
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
“The Iceberg Theory”
• Hidden costs of accidents are not
visible on the surface but are there just
the same.
• The top of the iceberg represents the
direct cost of accidents and the larger
hidden part of the iceberg represents
the hidden cost of accidents.
31
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Iceberg Theory of Accident
Direct Vs Indirect Costs of Accidents
What happen to these fingers?
U
T
• Building damage
• Tool & equipment damage
• Product & material damage
• Product delays and interruptions
• Legal expenses
• Expenditure of emergency supplies & equipment
• Interim equipment/tools
• Investigation time
• Wages paid for time loss

• Cost of hiring and/or training replacement
• Overtime 32
• Extra supervisory time
• Clerical time
25
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
• Decrease output of injured work or upon return
• Loss of business and goodwill
33
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
The Need for OSH Management in MALAYSIA
• For the last five years, services sector has been the main
contributors in the economic growth in Malaysia.
• Work related accidents and diseases have been identified in all
sectors in Malaysia including Service sectors.
• The SOCSO Report year 2003 has notified 13,195 accident cases
that hotels and restaurants and also wholesale and retail.
• It shows that this sector is not exempted from having such
incindence.
• OSH guideline is to assist employers and employees understand
general health and safety matters and risks associated with the
work systems of the workplace at services sectors.
• The general duties of both parties have been enacted under the
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.
• The commitment to ensure safe and conducive work environment
are really important to maintain the quality of life while at work.
34
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
LAWS RELATED TO OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES &
POISONING In MALAYSIA
1. FACTORIES & MACHINERY ACT 1967 and Regulations
2. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994
35
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Concept of OSHA 1994
• Accident prevention is an essential part of
good management and workmanship
• Management and workers must cooperate
• Top management must take the lead
• A define and known safety and health policy
• Organization and resources to achieve policy
• Best available knowledge and methods
36
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
37
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
OSHA 1994
Use & Standards Of
Control Of Exposure Of
Industrial Major Chemicals
Accident Hazard Hazardous To
Regulations 1996 Health Regulations
2000
Guidelines
Control of hazardous chemicals
Labeling of
hazardous chemicals
Monitoring of airborne
Classification, contaminants
Packaging & CHRA
Labeling Classification of
hazardous chemicals
Regulations 1997 Medical surveillance 38
MSDS
formulation
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Preparation chemical
39
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY
TOPIC 2:
Scope of Occupational Safety and Health

MAHSA University
[email protected]
40
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
What is Occupational Health?
Different Definitions:
 Health problems arising from or pertaining to work
 Health of people at work
 The Health of the gainfully employed
 Relationship between Occupation (work) & Health
Environment
Occupation (work) Health
Accidents
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD:
“Source or situation with a potential for harm in terms of
injury or ill health, damage to property, damage to the
workplace environment, or a combination of these
when a person is at work”
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Occupational Diseases
• Occupational diseases have a long

latent period.
• Most occupational diseases cannot be
treated.
• All occupational diseases can be
prevented.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH DISORDERS
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
• INHALATION
• INGESTION
• SKIN ABSORBTION
Eating, Smoking
Gas, Vapour, Aerosol, Dust,

Fume, Smoke, Mist, Fog Primary irritants, Allergy,
Systemic toxicity
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
FOUR TYPES
Diseases only occupational in origin (pneumoconiosis-occupational lung disease and
a restrictive lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust, often in mines.)
Where occupation as one of the causal factors (bronchogenic carcinoma-is a
malignant neoplasm of the lung arising from the epithelium of the bronchus or
bronchiole.)
Occupation as a contributory factor (chronic bronchitis-one type of COPD (chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease). The inflamed bronchi produce a lot of mucus. This
leads to cough and difficulty getting air in and out of the lungs. Cigarette smoking is
the most common cause. Breathing in other fumes and dusts over a long period of
time may also cause chronic bronchitis. Treatment will help your symptoms, but
chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition that keeps coming back or never goes away
completely.)
Occupation aggrevating pre-existing condition (asthma-is a
common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and
recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction and bronchospasm. Common
symptoms include wheezing,coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath)
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Person At Work
• Bacteria/Virus • Mechanical
• SARS/AIDS/Blood borne • Electrical
Pathogen/Influenza • Ergonomic
• Noise
• Heat
• Pressure
• Sexual • Height
harassment
• Work pressure
• Family • Hazardous chemicals/gaseous/dust
• Drug/alcohol • Odor/Mist/Vapor
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS
TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

HAZARDS
A. Physical
B. Chemical
C. Biological
D. Mechanical
E. Psychosocial
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
A. PHYSICAL HAZARDS
i. Heat – heat stroke, heat exhaustion, Heat Cramps,

heat rash
ii. Cold - Frost bite
iii. Light – Occupational Cataract
iv. Atmospheric pressure-Caisson disease a.k.a divers'
disease, air embolism, explosion.
v. Noise - Occupational deafness,
vi. Radiation-Cancer, Leukemia, aplastic anemia
vii. Electricity - Burns, Shocks,
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Cause Symptom Treatment Prevention
Heat Rash Hot humid Red bumpy rash with Change into dry Wash regularly to
environment; severe itching. clothes and avoid hot keep skin clean and
plugged sweat environments. Rinse dry.
glands. skin with cool water.
Heat Too much Red, painful, or If the skin blisters, Work in the shade:
Cramps exposure to blistering and peeling seek medical aid. Use cover skin with
the sun. skin skin lotions (avoid clothing; wear
topical anaesthetics) suntan lotions with
and work in the a sun protection
shade. factor of at least 15.
People with fair skin
should be especially
cautious.
Fainting Heavy Painful cramps in Move to a cool area; When working in the
sweating arms, legs or stomach loosen clothing and heat, workers
drains a which occur suddenly drink cool salted should put salt on
person's body at work or later at water ( 1 tsp. salt per their food (if on a
of salt, which home. gallon of water) or low-salt diet, this
cannot be commercial fluid should be
replaced just Cramps are serious replacement discussed with a
by drinking because they may be beverage. If the doctor). This will
water. a warning of other cramps are severe or give the body all the
more dangerous heat- don't go away, seek salt it needs; don't
induced illnesses medical aid. take salt tablets.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Cause Symptom Treatment Prevention
Heat Inadequate salt Heavy sweating; cool GET MEDICAL AID. Reduce activity
Exhaustion and water intake moist skin; body This condition can levels and/or heat
causes a temperature over 38oC; lead to heat stroke, exposure. Drink
person's body's weak pulse; normal or low which can kill. Move fluids regularly.
cooling system blood pressure; person is the person to a cool Workers should
to start to break tired, weak, clumsy, upset shaded areas; check on each
down. or confused; is very loosen or remove other to help spot
thirsty; or is panting or excess clothing; the symptoms
breathing rapidly, vision provide cool water which often
may be blurred. to drink (salted if precede heat
possible); fan and stroke.
spray with cool
water.
Heat Stroke If a person's High body temperature CALL AMBULANCE. Reduce activity
body has used (over 41oC) and any one of This condition can levels and/or heat
up all its water the following: the person kill a person exposure. Drink
and salt, it will is weak, confused, upset quickly. Remove fluids regularly.
stop sweating. or acting strangely; has excess clothing; fan Workers should
This can cause hot, dry, red skin; a fast and spray the check on each
body pulse; a headache or person with cool other to help spot
temperature to dizziness. In later stages, water; offer sips of the symptoms
rise. a person may pass out cool water if the which often
and have convulsions. person is precede heat
conscious. stroke.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
ii. Frost Bite
SYMPTOMS
Caused by freezing conditions which cut off circulation, usually
in extremities (hands, feet, ears, nose), which may be
permanently affected.
Frost-bitten areas are cold, pale or marbled-looking, solid to the
touch, and painless (until circulation is restored).
TREATMENT
Giving warm drinks, and covering with blankets.
Warm the injured part with body heat only-put a hand under
an armpit, for example.
Do not rub the skin or apply direct heat to the injured area.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
54
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
B. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Routes of entry - Inhalation, Ingestion, skin absorption.
(inhalation is the main route of entry)
• Metals - lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, zinc,

beryllidum, tin, silver, etc)
• Carbon compounds (organic solvents)
– Benzene, Toluene, Zylene
– Phenol, Nitrate, Napthalene, Isocyanates, Carbon
tetrachloride, Carbon disulphide, Vinyl chloride monomer,
etc
• Pesticides & toxic gases (amonia phosgene, carbon
monoxide)
• Dusts - Pneumoconiosis
• Chemicals - Acids, AlkaliesEXCELLENCE
TOWARDS
Health Effect Of Chemicals
Hazardous To Health
Described According to :
 Duration to exposure
 Site of tissue damage
 Target organ
 Nature of toxic effect
 Chronic/Long Term Effect
 Reversible Effect
 Irreversible Effect
Target organs:
lungs, skin, gut, liver, kidneys, nervous
system, blood, cardiovascular system,
immune system, reproductive system
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Classifications
• Chemicals causing liver damage are sometimes called

'hepatotoxins',
• those which damage the kidneys are 'renal toxins',
• and those harming the nervous system are
'neurotoxins'.
• Chemicals that cause cancer, although they may affect
either one or several organs, are lumped together and
described as 'carcinogens'.
• Those that cause birth defects are called 'teratogens'.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Classification of chemical based
on physiochemical properties
No. Classification Physiochemical Properties
1. Explosive - Chemicals and preparations which may
explode under the effect of flame or which
are more sensitive to shock or friction then
dinitrobenzene
2. Oxidising - Chemicals and preparations which give rise

to highly exothermic reaction when in
contact with other chemicals, particularly
flammable chemicals
3. Extremely - Liquid chemicals and preparations having a

flammable flash point lower than 0oC and boiling point
lower than or equal to 35oC
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
No. Classification Physiochemical Properties
4. Highly i. Chemicals and preparations which may become
flammable hot and finally catch fire when in contact with air
at ambient temperature without any application of
energy;
ii. Solid substances and preparations which may
readily catch fire after brief contact with a source
of ignition and which continue to burn or be
consumed after removal of the source of ignition;
iii. Liquid substances and preparations having a flash
point below 21oC;
iv. Gaseous substances and preparations which are
flammable in air at normal pressure; or
v. Substances and preparations which, when in
contact with water or damp air, evolve highly
flammable gases in dangerous quantities
5. Flammable i. Liquid substances and preparations having a
flash point equal to or greater than 21oC and

less than or equal to 55oC.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Classification of chemical based on health
effect
No. Classification Health Effect
1. Very toxic i. Substances and preparations which if

inhaled or ingested or penetrated into the
skin may involve extremely serious, acute
or chronic health risks or even death; or
ii. Substances and preparations for which
the LD-50 absorbed orally in rat is less
than 25 mg/kg or the LD-50 percutaneous
absorption in rat or rabbit is less than 50
mg/kg or LC-50 absorbed by inhalation in
rat is less than 0.5 mg/litre (administered
for minimum period of 5 hours)
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Classification of chemical based on
health effect
2. Toxic i. Substances and preparation which if inhaled

or ingested or penetrated into the skin may
involve serious, acute or chronic health risks
or even death;
ii. Substances or preparations for which the LD-
50 absorbed orally in rat is between 25 to 200
mg/kg or the LD-50 percutaneous absorption
in rat or rabbit is between 50 to 400 mg/kg or
the LC-50 absorbed by inhalation in rat is
between 0.5 to 2 mg/litre (administered for a
minimum period of 4 hours); or
iii. Substances and preparations which are
defined as carcinogenic, teratogenic or
mutagenic.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Classification of chemical based on
health effect
3. Harmful i. Substances and preparations which if inhaled or

ingested or penetrated into the skin may involve
limited health risks; or
ii. Substances and preparations for which theLD-50
absorbed orally in rat is between 200 to 500 mg/kg or
the LD-50 percutaneous absorption in rat or rabbit
between 400 to 2000 mg/kg or the LC-50 absorbed by
inhalation in rat is between 2 to 20 mg/litre
(administered for a minimum period of 4 hours)
4. Corrosive - Substances and preparations which may, on contact with

living tissues, destroy them
5. Irritant - non-corrosive substances and preparations which,

through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with
the skin or mucous membrane, can cause inflammation
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
C. Biological Hazards
Bacteria - Tetanus,Tuberculosis, Anthrax, Brucellosis
(Milkmen), Gonorrhea (STD).
Anthrax- black
lesion Tetanus
Virus - Hepatitis, AIDS
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Protozoal & Parasitic - Malaria, Hydatid (Dog handlers), Hookworms,
tapeworms (Agri-workers), etc.
Fungi (Agri-workers) - Tinea-infections, Coccidiomycosis- Inhalation of

dust from environmental sources carries fungal spores and pieces of
hyphae into the lungs.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
DUSTS (Pneumoconiosis)
Inorganic Dust
Coal Dust
Silica
Asbestos
Organic Dusts Major cause of lung

disease
Cane Fiber
Cotton dust
Tobacco
Grain Dust
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Lung Diseases Caused by Dust
• Depends on chemical composition, particulate size, concentration, shape,
specific gravity & body’s reaction
• Pneumoconiosis
• Asbestosis
• Silicosis
• Coal workers pneumoconiosis
• Lung diseases caused by dust of organic origin
• Byssinois (exposure to cotton dust)
• Mushroom workers lung
• Suberrosis (Cork dust)
• Bird breeders lung (chickens, parrots, pigeons)
• Man made fibres
• Occupational asthma
• Flour, insects and pollens: linseed, soya beans, teak wood, hair, fur, etc:
isocyanates, poly urethane, amines, metals
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
67
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
D. MECHANICAL HAZARDS
Injuries-Falls, cuts, abrasions
Ergonomic Disorders- Musculo-skeletal disorders(MSDs)
• Due to Excessive load on the muscles, ligaments,
tendons and bone.
• Due to Insufficient circulation to the Musculoskeletal
system.
• Work that requires activity of a small group of relatively
weak muscles (such as continuous use of fingers of the
dominant hand in data entry).
Common sites for Musculo-skeletal problems:

Neck, Forearm, Wrist, Fingers, Back, Knee
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
ERGONOMICS
The word 'ergonomics' is derived from the two Greek
words:
• Ergos means work
• Nomos means laws
Definition:
• Ergonomics is the scientific study of human performance at work.
• It considers the physical and mental capabilities of the worker and
how he/she interacts with tools, equipment, work methods,
tasks and the working environment
• It deals with:
- work biology
- human engineering
- human factors
- biotechnology
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
MATERIALS MANUAL HANDLING
20%-25% of occupational Injuries.

Strain, sprains, fractures and contusion
Ooouch!!
Painful….
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Manual Handling - Back Injuries
*CONTROL any risk by reducing necessity for manual

handling by using alternative means of handling
*consider the load; size, awkward shape, etc
*consider need for mechanical or manual assistance
*position legs apart - one foot level with the load
*keep back straight, look up
*bend from the hips, avoid ‘twisting’ the body
*tighten the stomach muscles, but don’t hold breath
*BEND THE KNEES
*keep the load close to the body
*lift with the legs, not the back
*keep carrying distance short
*avoid changing grip or ‘jerking’ the load
*deposit the load by bending the knees and keeping the
back straight
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
ERGONOMIC GUIDELINES – computers and video terminals
SEATING POSITION
*Seat height to be adjusted so that thighs are
horizontal & feet are resting flat on the
floor
*Thigh-torso angle is not less than 90

degrees, with 100 degrees as preferable
*Chair should have ``Backrest``with support

for curvature in lumbar area Natural S-curvature of
the spine
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
ERGONOMIC GUIDELINES
WORKING POSTURE
*Wrist and forearm-held in straight line to

reduce tendon & nerve stress
*Upper & lower arm-at 90 degree angle
*Elbows to be kept close to the sides
*Head-Screen distance=25-48 inches (min
12”) from the video display terminal (VDT)
users eye
*Optimal viewing angle is 20 degrees below
the horizontal line from the eyes
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
VDT USER`S-ERGONOMIC GUIDELINES
VISION & LIGHTING

*NO glare
*VDT to be placed 90 degrees to the light source, adjust
screen angle
*Use screen filters to reduce glare
*Screen intensity needs to be adjusted
*Frequent breaks from the screen to reduce stress on eyes
*Optical illusion
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
VDT USER`S-ERGONOMIC GUIDELINES
GENERAL GUIDELINES
*Change positions, Stretch or walk around if feeling

tiredness
*``LIGHT TOUCH`` on Keyboard to reduce hand stress or
developing CTD`s
*Look at ``Optical Illusion`` for 1-2 minutes after every
20 minutes of work with vdt to reduce eye stress
*Rotate eye ball and also concentrate on a distant
object & near object alternatively to reduce eye stress
*Keep the vdt screen and eyeglasses clean
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
OPTICAL ILLUSIONS
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
E. PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
• v Lack of job satisfaction, insecurity, poor

interpersonal relations, work pressure, ambiguity, etc.
• v Psychological & behavioral changes – hostility,
aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, alcoholism, drug
addiction, sickness absenteeism.
• v Psychosomatic disorders- Hypertension, headache,
body-ache, peptic ulcers, asthma, diabetes, heart
disorders, etc.

TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
PSYCOSOCIAL
HAZARDS
Type of issues or Concerns:
• Fatigue
• Shift work
• Stress
• Bullying
• Workplace violence
• Working alone
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
• Eye and Face Protection

• Head Protection
• Hand Protection
• Foot Protection
• Full-body Protection
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
81
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
PROMOTION
• PROGRAM CARA HIDUP SIHAT KKM

Kempen Cara Hidup Sihat 2003:
- Di bawah tema umum “sihat sepanjang hayat”, fokus
akan diberikan kepada 4 elemen asas penting yang
berkaitan dengan konsep cara hidup sihat iaitu:
● Makanan secara sihat

● Senaman dan kecergasan Fizikal
● Tidak Merokok
● Menangani Stress
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Scope of OSH (Safety)
 Machinery Hazards
 Transport Safety
 Housekeeping
 Hand & Portable Power Tools
 Electrical
 Fire Protection
 Material & Manual Handling
 Management of Contractors
 Slip, Trip and Fall
 Accident Investigation
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
MACHINERY HAZARDS
Protection of Machinery
PRIME MOVER
SECONDARY MOVER
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
TRANSPORTATION SAFETY
Precautions
 Material to be classified accordingly:
• Class 1 - Explosives
• Class 2 - Gas – non or flammable
• Class 3 - Flammable liquid
• Class 4 – Flammable solid
• Class 5 - Oxidising & Org.Peroxide

• Class 6 - Poisons
• Class 7 - Radioactive
• Class 8 - Corrosive
• Class 9 - Miscellaneous e.g. wastes
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
86
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
HOUSEKEEPING
Housekeeping: keeping the workplace clean and
organized.
• Includes;
• keeping buildings, plant, machinery and equipment
organized and properly maintained;
• upkeep of all sanitary and welfare facilities;
• regular painting and cleaning of walls, ceilings and
fixtures.
• -day-to day cleanliness, tidiness and good order in all
parts of the workplace.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Poor housekeeping
produces
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Safe Work Practices
• Selection of suitable tools

• Using tools correctly
• Maintaining tools in good condition
• Safe keeping of tools
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
FIRE PROTECTION
Elements
• general fire prevention and safety

• fire prevention plans
• emergency fire exits
• fire suppression and detection systems
• portable fire extinguishers
• fire brigades
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
MANAGEMENT OF CONTRACTORS
Responsibilities
• guidelines for contractor selection

• written contractor safety policies
• host employer responsibilities
• subcontractor responsibilities
• guidelines for contracts
• recordkeeping requirements
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
SLIP, TRIP AND FALL
Slips Trips Falls
• caused whenever
• caused when
• caused by foot hits an object
& momentum center of gravity
traction (pulling
movement thrown shifts too far and
action across
off balance cannot be
the surface)
• objects like trash, restored
• leaks and spills
• trip and fall
unused materials
• wet surfaces
• extension cords • stump and fall
• lavatory areas
• tools, and • step and fall
• rugs and mats
equipment parts • slip and fall
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE • fall from elevation
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Reasons:
• prevent recurrence
• determine root causes
• develop corrective/preventive actions
• communicating results
• reduce or eliminate root causes
• promote accident free workplace
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Prevention of Occupational Health
Hazards
• Administrative Measures
• Engineering Measures
• Ergonomics
• Medical Measures
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
A Designing-building, Work station.
B Good Housekeeping.
C Ventilation
D Mechanization
E Substitution.
F Enclosure
G Isolation
H Local Exhaust Ventilation.
I Personal Protective Devices.
J Work Environment Monitoring
K Statistical Monitoring.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
MEDICAL MEASURES
• Pre-employment medical check up
• Periodic medical examination
• Health promotion
• Health education
• Specific protection
• Assessment of risk by supervision of working environment
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Pre-employment Medical
Examination
• To determine the physical and emotional capacity of
the individual to perform the job.
• To provide base line health data for epidemiological
and legal purposes.
• To counsel the person for correction of diseases /
habits which may harm later.
• Assessment of pre-existing toxicity / impairment due
to past exposure, if any.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
Safe Handling Of
Access To CSDS – Hazardous
Keep At Place For Chemicals
Easy Access
Copies Readily
Available For
Reference/Training
Hard Copy Or Soft

Copy
Latest Revision
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Preventive Measures
Universal Precautions
Training & Education
Medical Surveillance
Immunization
Identify, Monitor & Control exposures
Stress Management
Violence Prevention Program
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Warning Signs
• Posted at every entrance
• Other relevant information
are given – likely to be at risk
• Illuminated & cleaned –
readily visible
Features Of Warning Signs:

- Give warning of the hazard
- Both language
- Attract attention
Standard Specifications:
- MS 980
- MS 981
- MS 982
- MS 983
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
104
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
105
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY
TOPIC 3:
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH LEGISLATIONS

MAHSA University
[email protected]
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE 106

THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
LEGISLATIONS
LEGAL
TERMS

LEGAL TERMS
ACT – law passed by Parliament
REGULATION – rules or other directives issued by

administrative agencies to implement laws
CODES OF PRACTICE
i) guidance in complying with the act
ii) evidence that legal requirements contravened

LEGAL TERMS
COMMON LAW – evolved as a result of decisions of

courts and judges as a result of legal action by employees
CRIMINAL LAW – set out in statutes (e.g. OSH Act)

and known statute law
TORTS – harm caused as a result of trespass, nuisance or

negligence. Negligence mostly applies to an employer’s liability
for accidental injury to his employee

LEGAL TERMS
NEGLIGENCE – failure to take reasonable
care as a consequence of:
- duty of care owed

- breach of duty of care owed
- loss as a result of breach of that duty

LEGAL TERMS
EMPLOYER’S COMMON LAW LIABILITY

- Liable if breach of duty to take reasonable care and breach
results in injury
- Duty applies to each employee
- Employer owes the duty personally (is still responsible if
delegated duty to another, e.g. safety consultant)
VICARIOUS LIABILITY
- Employer still liable if an employee or agent is negligent and
causes injury to another
- Not liable if employee negligent on a frolic independently of his
employment
THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH LEGISLATIONS
THE
DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENTOF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH LEGISLATION
1878 Boiler Inspector first appointed
1892 Selangor Steam Boiler’s Enactment
1903 Perak Boiler’s Enactment
1908 Enforcement of Boiler’s Enactment
in Selangor, Perak, Pahang, N.S.
1913 Machinery Enactment passed
1914 Enforcement of Machinery Enactment
1953 The Machineries Ordinance enforced
- absence of health provisions

DEVELOPMENTOF OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH LEGISLATION
1967 The Factories and Machineries Act 1967 passed

1970 Enforcement of FMA 1967
1980 Industrial Hygiene Division established
1985 Petroleum Safety Unit was formed
1991 Major Hazards Division established
1994 The Occupational Safety and Health Act
1994 was passed

( FACTORIES &
MACHINERIES
ACT 1967)
(FMA 1967 )

PURPOSE
116
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
THE FACTORIES AND MACHINERIES
ACT 1967
Contains regulations aimed at :
i) Preventing exposure
ii) Minimizing the health effects of certain hazards
117
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
THE FACTORIES AND
MACHINERIES ACT 1967
SCOPE – CONCERNED WITH INDUSTRIES
 Mining
 Construction
 Quarrying
 Manufacturing

COMPOSITION
119
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
ACT 1967
Comprises of the parent Act and 15

regulations made under it as follows:

THE FACTORIES AND
 Certificate of Competency Examinations 1970 (Revised

1988)
 Electric Passenger and Goods Lift Regulations 1970
 Fencing of Machinery and Safety Regulations 1970

(Revised 1988)
 Notification, Certificate of Fitness and Inspection

Regulations 1970

ACT 1967
 Persons-In-Charge Regulations 1970 (Revised 1988)
 Safety, Health and Welfare Regulations 1970 (Revised 1988)
 Steam Boiler and Unfired Pressure Vessel Regulations 1970
 Administration Regulations 1970 (Revised 1988)

THE FACTORIES AND
 Compounding of Offences Rules 1978 (Revised 1988)
 Compoundable offences Regulations 1978 (Revised 1988)
 Lead Regulations 1984
 Asbestos Process Regulations 1986

ACT 1967
Building Operations and Works of Engineering

Construction Safety Regulations 1986
Noise Exposure Regulations 1989
Mineral Dust Regulations 1989

THE ACT
SALIENT PROVISIONS
125
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
ACT 1967 - SALIENT PROVISIONS
Part 2 - Safety, Health And Welfare
Premises must be structurally sound, safe access, work

areas and safely stacked
Machinery must be of sound construction
Employees not misuse safety equipment
Proper ventilation, lighting and washrooms
Adequate sanitary facilities

Part 3 - Persons In Charge And Certificates Of

Competency
Machinery operators must be adequately trained or under the

supervision of a trained person

Part 4 - Notification Of Accident, Dangerous

Occurrence And Dangerous Diseases
Occupier to notify of accidents and dangerous occurrence

which:
 loss of life
 causes serious bodily injury to any person;
 injury resulting in loses of >3 days of work
 serious damage to machinery or property

Part 5 - Notice Of Occupation Of Premise And

Registration And Use Of Machinery
 Chief Inspector to be notified within 1 month
of the intended start

 Use of machinery to be registered
 Changes to use of machinery to be notified

THE FACTORIES &
MACHINERIES
REGULATIONS

The Factories and Machinery
(Health Safety & Welfare)
Regulations 1970
131
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
These regulations specify a range of health, safety and
welfare provisions relating to the workplace namely:
Health – ventilation, lighting, water supply, toilet and

washing facilities, change-rooms.
Safety – stairs, storage, fire protection, workplace area,

first aid facilities, fencing.
Welfare – Duty of all at work to make use of the

facilities provided under the regulations to ensure his
health, safety and welfare.
132
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
(lead)
Regulations 1984
133
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
• These regulations specify a range of duties and
controls, health surveillance and administrative
procedures.
• Important features of the legislation include :
- PEL :- 150 µgm /m ³ of air averaged over an 8 hour
- Atmospheric monitoring must be carried out by

employers. Personal samples to be taken from
employees exposed to lead.
I. Details of the monitoring program :-

II. Initial determination made by using representative
sampling or worst case (highest case (highest
exposure)
134
III. If exposure above Action Limit (AL) monitoring must
be carried out for all employees exposed to lead.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Frequency of monitoring. (Blood level)
i. 6 monthly – exposures below PEL and above AL (75 µgm /m³),
medical surveillance after exposure above the action level more than
30 days.
ii. 3 monthly- exposures above PEL (150 µgm /m³), Blood level at or
above 40 µgm / 100m but less than 60 µgm / 100m of whole blood
Iii Monthly – Above 60 µgm/ m³ of whole blood but less than 80 µgm /
100m, Removed workers, Two consecutive blood samples and
analysis.
iv. At leased monthly for a female employee of child-bearing capacity.

Removed female workers of child bearing age
• Employees must be notified of the result.

• Specifies that engineering controls and work practice are to be used
to control employee must be provide respiratory protection i.e
masks, overall etc.
• Type of respiratory protection is specified in a schedule and base on 135
airborne concentrations of lead.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
- Physical examination
- Laboratory analysis
• The regulations specify that:-

- employer should temporarily remove an employee from
exposures above the AL (75 µgm/m³) where blood lead levels
are high.
i. Above 80 µgm / 100m for males and

ii. 40 µgm / 100m for females of child caring capacity.
• Specifies requirements for employee training
• Specifies procedure for record keeping
• Penalty RM 2000.00
136
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
The Factories and Machinery (Asbestos
Process)
Regulations 1986
137
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Factories and Machinery (Asbestos Process)
Regulations 1986
• The most important aspects of the legislation are summarised here.
• The worker should not be exposed the asbestos dust PEL of 1 fibre/ml
of air averaged over an 8 hrs period.
• Requires exhaust equipment to be provided in order to keep exposure

below the PEL
• The equipment are also required to be examined and tested at specified

intervals by a competent person.
• Requires employers to provide PPE in prescribed area where the

concentrations exceeds the PEL including respiratory equipment.
• Requires employees to be provided with PPE

138
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
• Places obligations on employees to use PPE
• Specifies requirements for cleaning and house keeping.
• Employer must carry out personal monitoring for asbestos
exposures at intervals of no longer than 3 months to ascertain
compliance with regulations
• The employer to arrange medical examination
- For all employees present in asbestos processing area.

- Within 30 days of starting works.
- Interval of not more than 2 years
- Content of examination,
139
i. History
ii. Physical examination
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Factories and Machinery (Asbestos
Process) Regulations 1986
• Contents of Medical Examination (CXR)

- Medical examination reports
- Further examination of test
- Removal from works
- Employee to comply
 Lifestyles changes eg. Stop smoking, drinking etc.
 Requires employers to provide employees with training on the

process, control, PPE and Medical Surveillance
 Requires medical reports to be kept at least 20 years
 Removal of worker if early sign of disease detected-Usually 140

CXR changes (Asbestosis)
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
(Mineral Dust)
Regulations 1989
141
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Factories and Machinery (Mineral Dusts)
Regulations 1989
- Key elements of the legislation include:-
- Employers must provide and employees must use PPE (clothing,

respiratory equipment)
- Employees must report any defects in the equipment.
- Sand blasting is prohibited unless approval from the Chief Inspector is

obtained
PEL :- not greater than 5 mg/ m³ respirable dust.

- not greater 10mg/ m³ total dust. Containing free silica less than 1%
in weight
For dust containing crystalline silica

- 0.05 mg/ m³ respirable - Cristobalite
- 0.1 mg/ m³ respirable - quarts
142
- 0.05 mg/ m³ respirable tridymite averaged over 8 hrs period.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Factories and Machinery (Mineral
Dusts) Regulations 1989
- Initial monitoring all employees in process area.
- Every 6 months for exposures between Al and PEL.
- Every 3 months for exposure above the PEL
• Employers are required to use engineering control to

remove dust. The equipment is to be inspected and
maintained.
PPE must be provided by the employer.
Medical examination must be provided by employers to

143
employees who are exposed above action level (AL)
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Details of examination are specified as are the time intervals ( < 2 years
interval)
Personal exposure monitoring:-
- Full shift personal samples
- Within 3 months of commencement of work
- If less than AL, no further monitoring unless change in work of

process.
- If Above PEL, 3 monthly.

 Medical reports to be kept for at least 20 years
 Employers/Occupier must provide training for employees on the
regulations,
nature of the operation, control equipment and medical examinations. 144
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
The Factories and Machinery (Noise
Exposure)
Regulations 1989
145
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Important aspects of the regulations include :
i. PEL
- noise level exceeding continuous sound level of 90 dB (A) or limits
or limits specified in First Schedule or exceeding daily noise dose
of unity.
- Maximum noise level 115 dB (A)
- Impulsive noise not to exceed 140dB

- Action level at 85 dB(A)
ii. Exposure Monitoring

- Employee exposure is exposure which would occur if employee is not
using hearing protection.
- Employee exposure monitoring shall be conducted within 6 months of
work
146
- Initial monitoring may be limited to one or more representative
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure)
Regulations 1989
- Positive initial employee exposure monitoring repeat monitoring

repeat monitoring to be conducted within 6 months with different
group of employees
- Negative initial employee exposure monitoring no further repeat
monitoring unless there is a change in production process, equipment
control measures or personal change within 6 months of change.
- Monitored employees must be notified of results within 2 weeks
- Approved noise measuring equipment to be used
- Employee exposure monitoring shall be conducted by competent

person
iii. Methods of compliance :-

- Engineering and administrative controls
147
- Hearing protection devices
- Provided free to the employees
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Regulations 1989
For Employees
- exposed to noise levels above limits prescribed
- receiving a daily dose between 0.5 and 1.0 if audiogram shows

hearing impairment or if annual audiogram shows standard
threshold shift
Hearing protection shall
- Correctly fit employee
- Be compatible with job requirement of employee
- Not prejudice Health of employee
- Provide adequate noise attenuation below limit prescribed

148
- Procedures on issuance, maintenance, inspection and training in
use of devices to beTOWARDS
provided EXCELLENCE
Regulations, 1989
 Audiometric Testing Program

- To be established and maintained for all employees exposed to noise
level at or above action level.
- Conducted at no cost to the employees
- Conducted under the supervision of a registered medical practitioner.
Audiometric Testing Shall:
- be conducted by trained technician.
- be preceded by period of quiet of at least 14 hours.
- be carried out in a room with background noise level meeting limits set
(27- 42 dB)
149
- Be of pure tone, air conduction with test frequencies of 500, 1000,
2000, 4000, 6000 Hz taken separately for each ear.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Regulations, 1989
 Every exposed employee has to have
- valid baseline audiogram

- Record of medical and occupational history,especially on
past ear diseases and exposure to noise
- Within 6 months of commencing work
Frequency of audiometric testing

- Annually if employee is exposed to noise level at or above
the limit prescribed (PEL) or if there is a threshold shift.
- One every two years for employee exposed to noise level
above the AL but less than the PEL
- Retest is conducted within 3 months if standard threshold 150
shift has occurred.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Regulations, 1989
Permanent threshold shift:
- Inform employee of results of retest within 3 weeks.
- Provide employee with hearing protection device
- Refit and retrain employee in use of hearing protection device
Revised baseline audiogram:
- Baseline audiogram shall be replaced with annual or retest audiogram if

either of them shows:
i. Permanent threshold shift

ii. Improving hearing threshold with respect to baseline at 2 or more frequencies.
iii. Audiometric measuring equipment shall be approved type and shall be
calibrated a and maintained at regular interval.
- Warning signs and record keeping 151
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
PENALTIES
Types of Offences Penalties
Failure to comply with the notice Max RM 50,000.00 or
5 years Jail, RM 500.00/day
General duties of employees and self Max RM 10,000.00 or

employed person written safety policy, of occupier 2 Years jail.
of a place of work other person
General duties of manufacturer etc. as regards Max RM 20,000.00 or

for places of work. 2 years jail.
Duty not to interfere with or misuse of thing Max. RM 20,000.00

provided or 2 years jail. 152
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
PENALTIES
Types of Offences Penalties
Discrimination against employees etc. Max RM 10,000.00 or
1 year Jail
Offences in relation to inspection Max RM 10,000.00 or
1 year Jail
Safety and Health Organisation Max RM 5,000.00 or
6 months Jail
General duties of employees Max RM 5,000.00 or

153
6 months Jail
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
154
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY
TOPIC 4: THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH ACT 1994 AND REGULATIONS
MDPH4604 : Occupational Health
And Safety Faculty of Pharmacy,
MAHSA University
[email protected]

THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
ACT 1994
(OSHA 1994)

Why the OSHA 1994
Prior to the OSHA 1994, the FMA 1967 was the primary
legislation on occupational safety and health matter.
However, the FMA 1967 has the following

disadvantages:
Scope is limited to only the manufacturing sector

Prescriptive, detailed regulations
Too dependent on the government
And hence, the formulation of the OSHA 1994, which
covers all aspects of the economy including the public
services and government bodies. 157
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
DEVELOPMENTOF OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY
AND HEALTH ACT 1994
The Factories and Machineries Act 1967 is

limited in scope to the four industries of :
Mining
Construction
Quarrying
Manufacturing
Prescriptive
Too dependent on government

A more encompassing and holistic
legislation that covers a wide spectrum of
the working population and which
addresses the prescriptive and
government dependence issue of the FMA
is therefore needed.

PURPOSE OF THE ACT
• To secure the safety, health and welfare of workers
• To protect (other than workers) from danger at the
workplace
• To promote an environment suited to the
physiological andpsychological needs of people at
work
• To provide a mechanism for a legal system based
on procedures and industrial codes of practices

THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH ACT 1994
Scope
Workers -
in all economic activities including
the public services and statutory
bodies exception - work on board ship
or the armed forces

HEALTH ACT 1994
All employers and workers in the : -

 manufacturing
 mining and quarrying
 construction
 agriculture
 forestry
 fishery

THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994
 utility
 transport
 storage
 communications
 wholesale and retail
 hotel
 restaurant

HEALTH ACT 1994
 finance
 insurance
 properties
 business services
 public services and
 statutory services

PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLE
Self-Regulation
‘The responsibility for safety and health

lies with those who create and those
who work with the risk’

THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT
1994
Contents :
Consists of 15 parts
Is an enabling measure which is superimposed
over existing safety and health legislation
such as the Factories & Machineries Act 1967
Complement provision of the existing legislations

HEALTH ACT 1994
Contents :
The Act defines general duties of employers,

manufacturers, employees, the self-employed,
designers, importers and suppliers.

Contents :
The Act provides for the formulation of organisation’s

policy and arrangements to:
• secure the safety, health and welfare of people at
work,
• protect other people against risks arising from the
activity of people at work.

Contents :
Employers to ensure so far as is practicable,

the safety, health and welfare at work of all his
employees.
(Section 15, 16, 17, 18)

HEALTH ACT 1994
“ PRACTICABLE”
Means practicable having regard to :
a) the severity of the hazard or risk in question
b) the state of knowledge or method
c) the availability and suitability of ways and
d) the cost of removing or mitigating the

hazard or risk

Contents :
Employers to provide the necessary Safety

information, Instruction, Training and
Supervision including information on legal
requirement.
( Section 15)

Contents :
Employers to prepare a written statement of his general policy.

Organisation and arrangements for safety and health at work, update it
and notify employees
( Section 16)

HEALTH ACT 1994
Contents :
Every employer shall establish a safety and health

Committee at the place of work in accordance with this
section if:
 There are forty or more persons employed at the
place of work
 The Director-General directs so
(Section 30)

174
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
HEALTH ACT 1994
Contents :
Employers must notify the nearest occupational safety

and health office of any accident, dangerous occurrence,
occupational poisoning or disease which has occurred or
is likely to occur at the workplace
(Section 32)

HEALTH ACT 1994
Contents :
Employees to take reasonable care to avoid injury to

themselves or to others by their work activities and to
cooperate with employers in meeting statutory
requirements.
( Section 24)

Contents :
Specific Penalty
Expressly provided under the various provisions
General Penalty
• Not exceeding ten thousand ringgit or
• Imprisonment term not exceeding one year or
• To both, and not exceeding one thousand
ringgit for every continuing day
( Section 51)

THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS
THE
REGULATIONS

The Regulations made hereunder :
 Employer’s Safety And Health General

Policy Statements (Exception) Regulations 1995.
 Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards (CIMAH)
Regulations 1996
 Safety and Health Committee Regulations 1996
 Classification, Packaging and Labelling of
Hazardous’ Chemicals Regulations 1997

The Regulations made hereunder:
 Safety And Health Officer Regulations 1997.

 Safety And Health Officer Order 1997
 Use And Standard of Exposure Of Chemical
Hazardous To Health Regulations 2000
 Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence,
Occupational Poisoning and Occupational
Disease Regulations 2004

OSHA 1994
Control Of Industrial Major Use & Standards Of
Accident Hazard Regulations Exposure Of Chemicals
1996 Hazardous To Health
Regulations 2000
Guidelines
Control of hazardous chemicals
Labeling of hazardous
chemicals Monitoring of
airborne contaminants
Classification, Packaging CHRA
& Labeling Regulations Classification of hazardous
1997 chemicals Medical
surveillance
MSDS formulation 181
Preparation chemical register
PPE against
TOWARDS EXCELLENCEchemical hazards
HIRARC
HEALTH REGULATIONS
THE OSH
(SAFETY AND HEALTH
COMMITTEE)
REGULATIONS 1996

THE OSH (SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE)
REGULATIONS 1996
Composition :
 Chairman – Employer or his authorised manager
 Secretary – Safety and health officer
 Management representative – Division managers /

directors or section supervisors
 Workers Representatives – Representation from every

section and process
(Regulation 5)

THE OSH (SAFETY AND HEALTH
COMMITTEE) REGULATIONS 1996
Appointment :
 Chairman – Employer or his authorised manager
 Secretary – Appointed by employer or elected by committee
 Management representative – Appointed by employer

minimum 2 persons
 Workers Representatives – Selected by workers, or

appointed by employer. Minimum 2 persons

THE OSH (SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE)
REGULATIONS 1996
Functions :
 To keep under review measures taken to ensure safety

and health at work
 To investigate any safety and health matter brought to the

attention of employer
 Specifically to :
- Assist in development of rules and systems

THE OSH (SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE) REGULATIONS 1996
Functions :
- Assist in development of rules and systems

- Assist in development and review of programmes
- Perform analysis of incident trends and statistics
- Review and recommend amendments to policy
- Perform inspections & recommend corrective measures
- Perform immediate investigation of accidents and
corrective measures

Functions :
- Investigate complains of unsafe or unhealthy conditions

- Assist in development of promotional and education
programmes
- Discuss reports and matters from safety officer,
enforcement officers etc.
- Advise employer on safety and health matters
(Regulations 11 – 20)

THE OSH (SAFETY AND HEALTH
COMMITTEE) REGULATIONS 1996
Conduct of Meetings :
 Agenda and minutes

- Early circulation of agenda and discussion papers
- Minutes circulated within two weeks of meeting
 Meeting facilities
- Suitable meeting room to be provided
- Adequate facilities in meeting room

 Terms of Reference (TOR)

- Committee needs to formulate own meeting procedures
and terms of reference
 Frequency of meeting
- depends on nature of risks at workplace
- high risk workplaces, at least once a month
- Once in three months for other workplaces

 Quorum
- Half of reminder total number of members
(Regulations 21 – 27)

THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS
THE OSH
(CLASSIFICATION,
PACKAGING AND
LABELLING OF
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS)
REGULATIONS 1997

THE OSH (CLASSIFICATION, PACKAGING AND LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS
CHEMICALS) REGULATIONS 1997
Classification of Hazardous Chemicals :
 Duty of supplier to classify according to :
- Physicochemical properties
- Health effects
(Regulation 4)

THE OSH (CLASSIFICATION, PACKAGING AND LABELLING OF
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS) REGULATIONS 1997
Classification of Hazardous Chemicals:

PHYSICOCHEMICAL
HEALTH EFFECT
PROPERTIES
 Very toxic  Explosive
 Toxic  Oxidising
 Corrosive  Extremely Flammable
 Harmful  Highly Flammable
 Irritant  Flammable

194
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
195
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
196
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
197
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Packaging :
Supplier to ensure that hazardous chemicals are supplied

in packaging in which:
- contents cannot escape

- packaging and fastenings not susceptible to
to adverse attack by the contents
- packaging and fastenings to withstand stress
- can be repeatedly fastened
(Regulation 6)

Labelling:
Supplier to ensure that packaging is labeled clearly and

indelibly with the following:
- name of hazardous chemical

- information on supplier
- safety precautionary measures
- nature of hazardous chemical
- to be in National Language and English

(Regulation 7)
Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS) :
Supplier to furnish an up-to-date CSDS for each

hazardous chemical supplied containing information on:
- trade name, company identification

- composition of ingredients
- hazard identification
- handling and storage
- physical and chemical properties
- stability and reactivity
Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS) :
- first aid measures

- fire fighting measures
- ecological information
- disposal information
- transport information
- date of preparation
- to review and revise information
(Regulation 9)
TERIMA KASIHT

203
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
TOPIC 4 L1 : LAW and ETHICS
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
LAWS
AND
ETHICS
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, students will be
able to:
1. Explain how laws are made
2. Explain the importance of laws in
the workplace
3. Explain work ethics
4. Discuss ethical work practices
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Law and Ethics
Ethics – A set of moral principles or values that
09/24/2020
governs the conduct of an individual or a group
What is lawful conduct is not always ethical

conduct.
The law may permit something that would be

ethically wrong
207
207
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Areas that ethical codes often address
• Honesty
• Objectivity – uninfluenced by emotion, preconception, suspicion
• Integrity – consistency, sense of honesty, truthfulness not hypocrisy
09/24/2020
• Carefulness
• Openness
• Confidentiality
• Respect for colleagues
• Social responsibility
• Non-discrimination
• Competence
• Legality
208
• Human subjects protection
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
The Role of Laws relating to Occupation.
• Provision of a set of rules to be complied by

organizations or workers while at work.
• To regulate the activities of similar industries.
• To ensure the health, safety and welfare of people
who are exposed to the risk while at work.
• To protect besides the workers, other people at
the workplace.
• Legal action can be taken against anyone not
complying or committing an offence under the
provisions of the law.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
LEGISLATION RELATING TO
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH –
PHARMACY
• Poisons Act 1952 (Amended 1989) & Regulations

• Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 (Amended 1980)
• The Sales of Drugs 1952 (Amended 1989) & Regulations
• The Medicines Act (Advertisement and Sales) 1956
(Amended 1983)
• Factories and Machineries Act 1967 and Regulations
• The Control of Drugs and Cosmetics Regulations1984
• Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Regulations
• Social Securities Act 1969
• Employment Act 1955 & Regulations
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
PURPOSE OF OSHA
• To secure the safety, health and

welfare of persons at work
• To protect others against risks

to safety or health
… in connection with the activities of

persons at
work
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
General Duties of Employers under OSHA
• Provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work

that are, so far as is practicable, safe and without risks to
health;
• Making of arrangements for ensuring, so far as is

practicable, safety and absence of risks to health in
connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and
transport of plant and substances;
• Provision of such information, instruction, training and

supervision as is necessary to ensure, so far as is
practicable, the safety and health at work of his employees.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
•General Duties of Employees under OSHA
To take reasonable care for the safety and health of
himself and of other persons who may be affected by his
acts or omissions at work
• To co-operate with his employer or any other person in

the discharge of any duty or requirement imposed on the
employer by this Act
• To wear or use at all times any protective equipment or

clothing provided by the employer for the purpose of
preventing risks to his safety and health;
• To comply with any instruction or measure on

occupational safety and health instituted by his employer
by or under this Act.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
09/24/2020
WORK ETHICS
214
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Definition ETHICS
• Are moral standards by which people judge behavior
• Are rules or standards governing the conduct of a

person or the members of a profession: medical or
pharmaceutical ethics
• “The golden rule” – do unto others as you would have

them do unto you.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
MORAL - EXPLANATION
• Pertains to or concerned with the principles or
rules of right conduct or the distinction between
right and wrong.
• Founded on the fundamental principles of right

conduct rather than on legalities, enactment, or
custom
• The doctrine or practice of the duties of life;

manner of living as regards right and wrong;
conduct; behavior.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
WORK ETHICS - EXPLANATION
The values of hard work instilled in or held by employees. For
example, an employee with a good work ethic would
complete projects and other tasks of a high quality, and take
pride in the quality of his or her work.
Work ethics is getting to work on time, being self-directed,

having initiative, have a positive attitude with your fellow
workers and the customer, perform high quality work, not
being a clock watcher and most of all knowing how to be
loyal to the company, and the people you work with.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
The Difference between laws and work ethics
Laws Work ethics

• No problem if laws are • Related to work culture
complied • Employer can take action for
• Have provisions laid down any wrongdoing in accordance
• Legal action can be taken if with the terms and conditions of
an offence is committed. organisations.
• Provides for penalty – fine • Action/behavior of an employee
or jail term or both. can enhance or tarnish image of
an organisation.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
The Law and Ethics
- Laws and ethics are not the same.
- If an action contravenes the law, it is also not

ethical.
- On the other hand, compliance with the law

does not necessarily mean it is ethical.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
Models for determining Ethical Behaviour
• Categorical imperative – (black and white)
• Conventionalistic ethic – (anything legal is ethical)
• Disclosure rule – (explain actions to a wide audience)
• Golden rule – (do unto others …)
• Intuition rule – (what is right is just known)
• Right ethic – (protect rights of others)
• Professional ethic – (do only what can be explained to
your peer)
• Organizational ethic – (loyalty to the organization)
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
THE PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES
DIVISION, MINISTRY OF HEALTH
MALAYSIA
VISION
To provide the best pharmacy service for the

health and well-being of the nation.
MISSION
To lead a dynamic pharmacy service

emphasizing on the highest level of integrity,
professionalism and excellence that meets the
aspiration and challenges of the nation.
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
TOWARDS EXCELLENCE

Diploma in Pharmacy MDPH4604 Occupational Health and Safety (OSHA) Semester 4 Batch 52 (2-19) & 53 (2-19)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Diploma in Pharmacy MDPH4604 Occupational Health and Safety (OSHA) Semester 4 Batch 52 (2-19) & 53 (2-19)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Diploma in Pharmacy MDPH4604 Occupational Health and Safety (OSHA) Semester 4 Batch 52 (2-19) & 53 (2-19)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY

MDPH4604 Occupational Health and Safety

Date: 30 September 2020 (week 5)

“Work involves a bond between

What is their relationship?

The Roben’s Report recommended:

1) There should be a single,

Male Female Total

7687 1414 9101

Male Female Total

80 73.086 73.765 75.386

• Wages paid for time loss

1. FACTORIES & MACHINERY ACT 1967 and Regulations

2. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994

Dr Senthil Adimoolam, PhD

Occupation (work) Health

• Occupational diseases have a long

Gas, Vapour, Aerosol, Dust,

TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

i. Heat – heat stroke, heat exhaustion, Heat Cramps,

• Metals - lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, zinc,

• Chemicals causing liver damage are sometimes called

2. Oxidising - Chemicals and preparations which give rise

3. Extremely - Liquid chemicals and preparations having a

5. Flammable i. Liquid substances and preparations having a

flash point equal to or greater than 21oC and

No. Classification Health Effect

1. Very toxic i. Substances and preparations which if

2. Toxic i. Substances and preparation which if inhaled

3. Harmful i. Substances and preparations which if inhaled or

4. Corrosive - Substances and preparations which may, on contact with

5. Irritant - non-corrosive substances and preparations which,

Virus - Hepatitis, AIDS

Fungi (Agri-workers) - Tinea-infections, Coccidiomycosis- Inhalation of

Organic Dusts Major cause of lung

Common sites for Musculo-skeletal problems:

20%-25% of occupational Injuries.

*CONTROL any risk by reducing necessity for manual

*Thigh-torso angle is not less than 90

*Chair should have ``Backrest``with support

*Wrist and forearm-held in straight line to

VISION & LIGHTING

*Change positions, Stretch or walk around if feeling

• v Lack of job satisfaction, insecurity, poor

• Eye and Face Protection

• PROGRAM CARA HIDUP SIHAT KKM

● Makanan secara sihat

• Class 5 - Oxidising & Org.Peroxide

• Selection of suitable tools

• general fire prevention and safety

• guidelines for contractor selection

Hard Copy Or Soft

Training & Education

Identify, Monitor & Control exposures

Violence Prevention Program

Features Of Warning Signs:

Dr Senthil Adimoolam, PhD

TOWARDS EXCELLENCE 106

TOWARDS EXCELLENCE 107