Lecture 2-Rotating - Magnetic - Field
Lecture 2-Rotating - Magnetic - Field
Lecture 2-Rotating - Magnetic - Field
Preliminary notes
AC machines are AC motors and AC generators.
There are two types of AC machines:
Synchronous machines – the magnetic field current is supplied by a
separate DC power source;
Induction machines – the magnetic field current is supplied by magnetic
induction (transformer action) into their field windings.
The field circuits of most AC machines are located on their rotors.
Every AC (or DC) motor or generator has two parts: rotating part (rotor)
and a stationary part (stator).
3
At point 2:
60o later, the input current waveforms to phases A and B are equal and
opposite, and waveform C is zero. This change in current value per
phase causes the flux to shift 60o in a clockwise direction. The resultant
magnetic field has rotate through 60o as well.
7
The total magnetic field from all three coils added together will be
3 3
Bnet Baa ' Bbb ' Bcc ' 0 H M 120 H M 240 1.5 H M 90 (6.6.5)
2 2
11
The total magnetic field from all three coils added together will be
Bnet Baa ' Bbb ' Bcc ' H M 0 0.5 H M 120 0.5 H M 240
1.5 H M 0 (6.7.4)
proof
The magnetic flux density in the stator at any .
arbitrary moment is given by
x x
Bnet (t ) Baa ' (t ) Bbb ' (t ) Bcc ' (t )
H M sin t 0 H M sin t 120 120
H M sin t 240 240 (6.8.1)
proof
Which can be rewritten in form
Bnet (t ) H M sin t 0.5 H M sin t 120 0.5 H M sin t 240 xˆ
3 3
H M sin t 120 H M sin t 240 yˆ
2 2
1 3 1 3
H M sin t H M sin t H M cos t H M sin t H M cos t xˆ
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
H M sin t H M cos t H M sin t H M cos t yˆ (6.9.1)
4 4 4 4
Finally: Bnet (t ) 1.5 BM sin t xˆ 1.5 BM cos t yˆ (6.9.2)
The net magnetic field has a constant magnitude and rotates counterclockwise at
the angular velocity .
frequency and speed of field 14
rotation
The stator rotating magnetic field can be
represented as a north pole and a south pole.
These magnetic poles complete one mechanical
rotation around the stator surface for each
electrical cycle of current. Therefore, the
mechanical speed of rotation of the magnetic field
equals to the electrical frequency.
f e [ Hz ] f m [rps]
two poles (6.10.1)
e [rad / s ]m [ rad / s]
The magnetic field passes the windings of a two-pole stator in the following
counterclockwise sequence: a-c’-b-a’-c-b’. What if 3 additional windings will be
added? The new sequence will be: a-c’-b-a’-c-b’-a-c’-b-a’-c-b’ and, when 3-phase
current is applied to the stator, two north poles and two south poles will be
produced. In this winding, a pole moves only halfway around the stator.
frequency and speed of field 15
rotation
The relationship
between the electrical
angle e (current’s
phase change) and the
mechanical angle m
(at which the magnetic
field rotates) in this
situation is:
e 2 m (6.11.1)
f e [ Hz ] f m [rps ]
four poles (6.11.2)
e [rad / s ]m [rad / s ]
frequency and speed of field 16
rotation
For an AC machine with P poles in its stator:
P
e m (6.12.1)
2
P
fe fm (6.12.2)
2
P
e m (6.12.3)
2
Relating the electrical frequency to the motors speed in rpm:
P
fe nm (6.12.4)
120
Reversing the direction of field 17
rotation
If the current in any two of the three coils is swapped, the direction of
magnetic field rotation will be reversed. Therefore, to change the direction
of rotation of an AC motor, we need to switch the connections of any two
of the three coils.
In this situation, the net magnetic flux density in the stator is
Bnet (t ) Baa ' (t ) Bbb ' (t ) Bcc ' (t )
BM sin t 0 BM sin t 240 120 BM sin t 120 240 (6.13.1)
3
Bnet (t ) BM sin txˆ 0.5BM sin t 240 xˆ BM sin t 240 yˆ
2
3
0.5BM sin t 120 x
ˆ BM sin t 120 yˆ (6.13.2)
2
Reversing the direction of field 18
rotation
Bnet (t ) BM sin t 0.5BM sin t 240 0.5BM sin t 120 xˆ
3 3
BM sin t 240 BM sin t 120 yˆ (6.14.1)
2 2
Therefore:
1 3 1 3
Bnet (t ) BM sin t BM sin t BM cos t BM sin t BM cos t xˆ
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
BM sin t BM cos t BM sin t BM cos t yˆ (6.14.2)
4 4 4 4
Finally:
Bnet (t ) 1.5 BM sin t xˆ 1.5 BM cos t yˆ (6.14.3)
The net magnetic field has a constant magnitude and rotates clockwise at the
angular velocity . Switching the currents in two stator phases reverses the
direction of rotation in an AC machine.
Magnetomotive force and flux 19
distribution on an AC machine
In the previous discussion, we assumed that the flux produced by a stator inside
an AC machine behaves the same way it does in a vacuum. However, in real
machines, there is a ferromagnetic rotor in the center with a small gap between a
rotor and a stator.
distribution on an AC machine
The reluctance of the air gap is much higher than
the reluctance of either the rotor or the stator;
therefore, the flux density vector B takes the
shortest path across the air gap: it will be
perpendicular to both surfaces of rotor and stator.
To produce a sinusoidal voltage in this machine,
the magnitude of the flux density vector B must
vary sinusoidally along the surface of the air gap.
Therefore, the magnetic field intensity (and the
mmf) will vary sinusoidally along the air gap
surface.
Magnetomotive force and flux 21
distribution on an AC machine
One obvious way to achieve a sinusoidal variation
of mmf along the air gap surface would be to
distribute the turns of the winding that produces
the mmf in closely spaced slots along the air gap
surface and vary the number of conductors in
each slot sinusoidally, according to:
nc N c cos (6.17.1)
mmf resulting
from the winding
22
B BM cos (6.19.1)
2. Segment bc: the voltage will be zero since the vectors (v x B) and l are
perpendicular.
ecb v B I 0 (6.21.2)
3. Segment cd: = 00; assuming that B is radially outward from the rotor, the
angle between v and B is 900, so
edc v B I vBM l cos mt (6.21.3)
4. Segment da: the voltage will be zero since the vectors (v x B) and l are
perpendicular.
ead v B I 0 (6.21.4)
The induced voltage in a single 26
Finally, if the stator coil has NC turns of wire, the total induced voltage in the coil:
set of coils
In three coils, each of NC turns, placed around the rotor magnetic field, the
induced in each coil will have the same magnitude and phases differing by 1200:
stator
The peak voltage in any phase of a 3-phase stator is:
2
EA N C f 2 NC f (6.24.4)
2
The rms voltage at the terminals will depend on the type of stator connection: if
the stator is Y-connected, the terminal voltage will be 3E A . For the delta
connection, it will be just EA.
29
VT 3 120 208V
31
ind KH R BS (6.29.4)
Since BR H R (6.29.5)
losses
The efficiency of an AC machine is defined as
Pout
100% (6.33.1)
Pin
Since the difference between the input and output powers of a machine is due to
the losses occurring inside it, the efficiency is
Pin Ploss
100% (6.33.2)
Pin
38
PSCL 3I A2 RA (6.34.1)
PRCL 3I F2 RF (6.34.2)
Where IA and IF are currents flowing in each armature phase and in the field
winding respectively. RA and RF are resistances of each armature phase and of the
field winding respectively. These resistances are usually measured at normal
operating temperature.
39
3. Mechanical losses
There are two types of mechanical losses: friction (friction of the bearings) and
windage (friction between the moving parts of the machine and the air inside the
casing). These losses are often lumped together and called the no-load rotational
loss of the machine. They vary as the cube of rotation speed n3.
AC motor:
Power-flow diagram is simply
reversed.
41
Voltage regulation
Voltage regulation (VR) is a commonly used figure of merit for generators:
Vnl V fl
VR 100% (6.37.1)
V fl
Here Vnl and Vfl are the no-load full-load terminal voltages of the
generator. VR is a rough measure of the generator’s voltage-current
characteristic. A small VR (desirable) implies that the generator’s output
voltage is more constant for various loads.
42
Speed regulation
Speed regulation (SR) is a commonly used figure of merit for motors:
nnl n fl
SR 100% (6.38.1)
n fl
nl fl
SR 100% (6.38.2)
fl
Here nnl and nfl are the no-load full-load speeds of the motor. SR is a
rough measure of the motor’s torque-speed characteristic. A positive SR
implies that a motor’s speed drops with increasing load. The magnitude of
SR reflects a steepness of the motor’s speed-torque curve.