INTRODUCTION TO

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Materi 1
Lecture Details
 MK Kecerdasan Buatan (a.k.a Artificial Intelligent
- AI) – 3 SKS
 Dosen : Lailil Muflikhah

 Text Book:

Russell & Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern

Approach (2nd ed.)
website: http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu
Outline Silabus
 Introduction and Agents (chapters 1,2)
 Search (chapters 3,4,5,6)
 Logic (chapters 7,8,9)
 Planning (chapters 11,12)
 Uncertainty (chapters 13,14)
 Learning (chapters 18,20)
Outline Intro to AI
 What is AI?
 Foundations of AI
 AI History
 Summary
 What is AI?
Views of AI fall into four categories:
erformanc Rationality

Reasoning/thought

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

Acting humanly Acting rationally
Behaviour
Main Questions?
 What is the AI purpose?
 Building the system
 Understanding human
 What is the success measurement?
 Human intelligence
 Ideal intelligence (rationality)
 What is the AI focus?
 Reasoning
 Behavior
AI Definitions
 System that think like humans
“The exciting new effort to make computers think
…machines with minds, in the full and literal
sense.” (Haugeland, 1985)
 System that act like humans
“The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when performed
by people.” (Kurzweil, 1990)
AI Definitions
 System that think rationally
“The study of mental faculties through the use of
computational models.” (Charniak & McDermott,
1985)
 System that act rationally

“AI... is concerned with intelligent behaviour in

artifacts.” (Nilsson, 1998)
Acting Humanly: Turing Test
o In 1950 Turing
proposed an idea to
define intelligence in
his paper "Computing
machinery and
intelligence“
o "Can machines
Alan Turing
think?“  ill defined
o "Can machines
behave intelligently?“
Turing question
Turing Test
 Operational test for intelligent behavior:
The imitation game

 Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30%

chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes
 Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50
years (knowledge, reasoning, language understanding,
learning)
Major components of AI:
 Natural Language Processing
 Knowledge Representation
 Automated Reasoning
 Machine Learning
 Computer Vision
 Robotics
Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling

 1960s "cognitive revolution": information-processing

psychology
 Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain
 -- How to validate? Requires
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects
(top-down)
or 2) Direct identification from neurological data
(bottom-up)

 Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and Cognitive

Neuroscience) are now distinct from AI
Thinking rationally: "laws of thought"

 Aristotle: the first person who attempt to codify “right

thinking” (reasoning process)
 Syllogism provided patterns that always yielded correct
conclusion when given correct premises  LOGIC.
example:
 Premis 1: Socrates is a man
 Premis 2: All men are mortal
 Conclusion: Socrates is mortal
 Logicians and mathematicians developed various forms of
logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts to
express every facts in the world.
 Problems:
1. Not easy to take information knowledge and state it in the formal
terms (logical notation)
2. Logical mechanism needs highly computational cost
3. Solving problem “in principle” ≠ solving problem in practice
Acting rationally: rational agent
 Rational behavior: doing the right thing
 The right thing: which is expected to maximize
goal achievement, given the available information
 Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g.,
blinking reflex – but thinking should be in the
service of rational action
Rational agents
 An agent is an entity that perceives and acts
 This course is about designing rational agents
 Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept
histories to actions:
[f: P*  A]
 For any given class of environments and tasks, we
seek the agent (or class of agents) with the best
performance
 Computational limitations make perfect rationality
unachievable
 design best program for given machine resources
Outline Intro to AI
 What is AI?
 Foundations of AI
 AI History
 Summary
Foundation of AI
 Philosophy :
 Mind is like machine
 Using knowledge to operate
 Thought used to take an action
 Mathematics
 Tools to manipulate logical statement
 Understanding of computation
 Reasoning algorithm
 Economics
 Decision making that maximize the expected outcome
 Neuroscience
 Study of nervous system
 Psychology
 Cognitive science
 Human and animals are information processing machine
 Computer Engineering
 Provide artifacts for AI application
 Control Theory
 Designing devices that act optimally n the basis of feedback
from environment
 Linguistics
 Knowledge representation
AI prehistory
 Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as
physical system foundations of learning, language,
rationality
 Mathematics Formal representation and proof
algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability
 Economics utility, decision theory
 Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity
 Psychology phenomena of perception and motor
control, experimental techniques
 Computer building fast computers
engineering
 Control theory design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
 Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar
Outline Intro to AI
 What is AI?
 Foundations of AI
 AI History
 Summary
Abridged history of AI
 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
 1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
 1952—69 A machine can never do X ???? Proven to be contrary
 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist (reasoning program),
Gelernter's Geometry Engine
 1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
 1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
 1980-- AI becomes an industry
 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
 1987-- AI becomes a science
 1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
Some Problems appear
 Machine translation
“the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak”
English ! Russian ! English
“the vodka is good, but the meat is rotten”

 Combinatorial Explosion  intractability

State of the art
 Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry
Kasparov in 1997
 ALVINN No hands across America (driving autonomously
98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
 During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics
planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000
vehicles, cargo, and people
 NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled
the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
 Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans
Outline Intro to AI
 What is AI?
 Foundations of AI
 AI History
 Summary
To Sum Up
 AI concerned with both thinking and behaviour
 AI foundation sciences are: Philosophy,
Mathematics, Economics, Neuroscience, Computer
Engineering, Control Theory, Linguistics
 AI has advanced more rapidly nowadays because
of greater use of the scientific method of AI
 Which of the following can be done present?
 Play a decent game of table tennis
 Drive safely along a curving mountain road
 Buy a week's worth of groceries on the web
 Buy a week's worth of groceries at Supermarket
 Play a decent game of bridge
 Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem
 Design and execute a research program in molecular biology
 Write an intentionally funny story
 Give competent legal advice in a specialized area of law
 Translate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real time
 Converse successfully with another person for an hour
 Perform a complex surgical operation
 Unload any dishwasher and put everything away
END OF SLIDE