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Battery Technology For Electric Vehicles

Solid-state lithium ion batteries are well-suited for electric vehicles due to their high energy density, long life cycles, lack of volatile electrolytes, and ability to be safely mass produced in dense multi-cell configurations. Fuel cells are also being considered for electric vehicles as they continuously generate electricity through electrochemical reactions without needing to be recharged, though they require a constant source of fuel and oxygen. Different battery types were evaluated for electric vehicles, with lithium ion batteries providing the highest energy density and lowest self-discharge rates compared to lead-acid and nickel-based batteries.

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Deepu Sadasivuni
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66 views7 pages

Battery Technology For Electric Vehicles

Solid-state lithium ion batteries are well-suited for electric vehicles due to their high energy density, long life cycles, lack of volatile electrolytes, and ability to be safely mass produced in dense multi-cell configurations. Fuel cells are also being considered for electric vehicles as they continuously generate electricity through electrochemical reactions without needing to be recharged, though they require a constant source of fuel and oxygen. Different battery types were evaluated for electric vehicles, with lithium ion batteries providing the highest energy density and lowest self-discharge rates compared to lead-acid and nickel-based batteries.

Uploaded by

Deepu Sadasivuni
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 8

BATTERY TECHNOLOGY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES

ATE316
Lithium Based Cells
The liquid Li ion batteries are not suited for use in EVs owing to safety reasons while the
solid-state batteries are well suited for high-rate applications.

Solid-state Li-ion batteries allow for the development of virtually any size batteries

In addition, the batteries can be stacked into efficient multi-cell configurations while the
liquid Li-ion battery cells require a cumbersome winding and canning process. Thus in
comparison, solid Li-ion batteries will be easily mass-produced.

The solid Li-ion batteries are safer to produce than the liquid Li-ion batteries because the
solid polymer electrolyte is both nonvolatile and leak-proof. There is no chance for the Li-
ion battery cell to be breached leading to an electrolyte leak.
A large number of characteristics of the solid state Li battery are favorable for EV
applications. These include:
• High gravimetric and volumetric energy densities
• Ambient temperature operation
• Long life cycle (See Figure on last slide)
• Good pulse power density
Fuel Cell
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel
(often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity through a pair
of redox reactions. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel
and oxygen are supplied.

Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel
and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery
the chemical energy usually comes from metals and their ions or oxides.
The first fuel cells were invented by Sir William Grove in 1838.

The first commercial use of fuel cells came more than a century later following the
invention of the hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell by Francis Thomas Bacon in 1932. The
alkaline fuel cell, also known as the Bacon fuel cell after its inventor, has been used
in NASA space programs since the mid-1960s to generate power for satellites and
space capsules.

Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial, industrial and
residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible areas. They are also used to
power fuel cell vehicles, including forklifts, automobiles, buses, boats, motorcycles
and submarines.
Fuel Cell
Fuel Cell
There are many types of fuel cells, but they all consist of an anode, a cathode, and an
electrolyte that allows ions, often positively charged hydrogen ions (protons), to move
between the two sides of the fuel cell.
At the anode a catalyst causes the fuel to undergo oxidation reactions that generate ions
(often positively charged hydrogen ions) and electrons.
The ions move from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte. At the same time,
electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, producing direct
current electricity.
At the cathode, another catalyst causes ions, electrons, and oxygen to react, forming water
and possibly other products.
Individual fuel cells produce relatively small electrical potentials, about 0.7 volts, so cells are
"stacked", or placed in series, to create sufficient voltage to meet an application's
requirements.
In addition to electricity, fuel cells produce water, heat and, depending on the fuel source,
very small amounts of nitrogen dioxide and other emissions.
The energy efficiency of a fuel cell is generally between 40–60%
CHOICE OF A BATTERY TYPE FOR ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
VRLA battery designs operate successfully in partially closed environments. They do not
require as much floor space as their flooded lead-acid type counterparts. In addition, they
certainly do not require as much maintenance. As they continue to decrease in size, they are
improving in energy density and cost.

NiMH batteries are also termed environmentally friendly and continue to improve both in
energy density and cost.
Energy Density:
Li-ion batteries are capable of storing up to three times more energy per unit weight and
volume than the conventional Pb-acid and NiMH batteries. This is approximately three-times
voltage level of 3.5V. Because of the high-energy characteristics, Li-ion batteries find
widespread applications including aerospace, EV, and hybrid EV designs.
Self Discharge :
The self-discharge rate of the solid-state Li-ion battery is fairly low—5% of the capacity per
month, compared to the 15% for the VRLA battery and 25% for NiMH battery.
CHOICE OF A BATTERY TYPE FOR
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Lithium-ion 2–3% per month
Lithium-polymer ~5% per month
Lead–acid 4–6% per month
Nickel–cadmium 15–20% per month
Nickel–metal hydride 30% per month
(NiMH)

Memory Effect:
There is no memory effect in the solid-state Li-ion battery as is the case in the NiMH and
the VRLA battery. The battery cycle life is superior to the NiMH and VRLA batteries.
Cycles:
In the case of the NiMH battery, the cycle life typically drops to 80% of the rated
capacity after 500 cycles at the C-rate (one hour charge followed by a one hour
discharge). Solid-state Li-ion batteries can achieve more than 700 cycles before reaching
80% of their rated capacity.

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