Digital Data Acquisition

Electrical And Information Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering – Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Introduction
• Multimedia system consist of three major components:
• Multimedia content creation
• Compression/storage of multimedia content
• Delivery/distribution of multimedia content
• Multimedia information is digital, interactive, and voluminous
• First step to create multimedia content using text, audio, image, and
video is to record this individual types into digital forms, making it is
easy to combine and asemble these heteregeneous entities.

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Analog and Digital Data
• The physical world around us exists in a continuous form.
• Human sense the environment by sensing light, sound energy,
pressure, temperature, motion, etc.
• Recording instruments, such as camera, microphones, gauges, etc.,
attempt to measure information in an electrical and digital form.
• This recording instruments will converts analog or continuous entities
to digital format.

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Human Sensing System
Sensing Device Sense
Eyes Visual
Ears Acoustical
Hands / skin /body Haptic
Nose Smell
Tongue Taste

This system can receive and processes multimodal signals from external world
and produce multimedia output seemingly with no effort

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Analog Signals
• A physical signal in our world is analog
• We can attempt to record a physical signal using a recording device.
• A signal is analog if it can be represented by a continuous form.
• Example, the changing amplitude with respect to times

Amplitude

time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

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Digital Signals
• Digital signals is a signal are represented by a discrete set of values
defined at specific instances of the input domain, which might be
time, space, or both.

vs 101110010

Analog Signal Digital Signal

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Analog to Digital Conversion
• The conversion of signal from analog to digital occur via two main
process:
• Sampling
• Quantization
• One of the most desirable properties in the analog to digital
conversion is to ensure that no artifacts are created in the digital data.
So when the signal is converted back to the analog domain will be
look the same as the original one.

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Analog to Digital Conversion
• Block diagram of ADC (Analog to Digital Conversion).
• The quality of ADC output depent on the quality of:
• Sampling process
• Quantization process
ADC

Sampling Quantization 1011100

Analog Signal Discrete Signal Digital Signal

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Sampling Process
• A/D converter takes samples of the amplitude of the analog signals at
different time positions.
• The number of samples per second, called the sampling rate, is fixed.

time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Time for 1 sample

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Sampling
• Assume that we start with a one-dimensional analog signal in the time t domain, with an
amplitude given by x(t).
• The sampled signal is given by

xs(n) = x(nT)

where:
• T is the sampling period
• f = 1/T is the sampling frequency.

• Hence, xs(1) = x(T); xs(2) = x(2T); xs(3) = x(3T); and so on

• Reducing T will increase f, and vice versa.
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The Nyquist Theorem
•  The highest frequency which can be represented accurately is one
half of the sampling rate.
• A bandlimited signal f(t) with max frequency ωF is fully determined
from its samples f(nT ) if 2 /T > 2ωF
• For example, if the signal has a maximal frequency of 10 kHz, it should
be sampled at a frequency greater than 20 kHz. Here, 20 kHz is known
as the Nyquist sampling frequency for that signal
• T is clearly a critical parameter
• If T is too large, the signal might be under sampled, leading to artifacts
• if T is too small, the signal requires large amounts of storage, which might be
redundant
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Analog-to-Digital conversion and the corresponding
interpolation from the digital-to-analog domain

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Quantization
• Quantization deals with encoding the signal value at every sampled location with a
predefined precision, defined by a number of levels
• Having sampled a continuous signal at specific regular time instances, then how many bits
do we use to represent the value of signal at each instance
• The entire range R of the signal is represented by a finite number of bits b. Formally:
xq(n) = Q[xs(n)],
where Q is the rounding function that maps the continuous value xs(n) to the nearest digital
value using b bits.
• Utilizing b bits corresponds to N = 2b levels, thus having a quantization step delta = R/2b
• Because each sample is represented by a finite number of bits, the quantized value will differ
from the actual signal value, thus always introducing an error. The maximum error is limited
to half the quantization step.
• The error decreases as the number of bits used to represent the sample increases.
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Quantization

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Representation vs Original Signal

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Non Uniform Quantization
• For some signals where the distribution of all output values is
nonuniform, it is more correct to distribute the quantization intervals
nonuniformly
• The output intensity values of many audio signals such as human speech
are more likely to be concentrated at lower intensity levels, rather than at
higher intensity levels in the dynamic audio range
• Because the distribution of output values in such signals is not uniform
over the entire dynamic range, quantization errors should also be
distributed nonuniformly

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Nonlinear quantization scales

• Original Analog Signal Linear Quantization Scale Nonlinear Quantization Scale

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Bit Rate
• Describes the number of bits being produced per second
• Bit rate is of critical importance when it comes to storing a digital
signal, or transmitting it across networks, which might have high,
low, or even varying bandwidths.
• Bit rate, which is measured in terms of bits per second, consists of the
following:

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Typical bit rates for a few widely used signals
Signal Sampling rate Quantization Bit rate
Speech 8 KHz 8 bits per sample 64 Kbps
Audio CD 44.1 KHz 16 bits per sample 706 Kbps (mono)
1.4 Mbps (stereo)
Teleconferencing 16 KHz 16 bits per sample 256 Kbps
AM Radio 11 KHz 8 bits per sample 88 Kbps
FM Radio 22 KHz 16 bits per sample 352 Kbps (mono)
704 Kbps (stereo)
NTSC TV Width – 486 16 bits per sample 5.6 Mbits per frame
Height – 720
HDTV (1080i) Width – 1920 12 bits per pixel 24.88 Mbits per frame
Height – 1080 on average

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